Page 199 - ibdaa
P. 199

Ÿ-b<¡~9¡EH Ÿ-bJxƒF   ˆ*]+°( * 198

62b~zD* –~|ŒD*     

*¡<x~{J *& –cB eɀ•D š]- bžF&* ¤GH  f˜žE f£0 bž›E dFb/ ¤A z’†- ]B fpJx~|D* ib˜£•†gD* bJ*yE (bA  fc~6b›˜Db+H

£C ¡Ax†£A  bEK ]E fAx†˜D* f£›+ ™žA ¢•< ™G]<b~zJ ¥wD* š]g˜D* ™ƒ›˜D* œE b<K ¡F ™žD š]- ¤žA  ¤DbgDb+H  –˜†D* ¤A
 ¤-b& £~6 bE ¢•< *HyCxJ *& ¡†£€g~zJ –+  “DwD 42b~|E |£~|s- ¢D*( ¡/bgpJ °H  bžF¡˜ƒ›J £CH ibE¡•†˜D* ¤A Hx’ŒJ
¡’- &* œ’˜JH  ™•Q †gD* f£•˜< –ž~z- bžF°&  ebg’D* *wG ¤A b˜C  f£~64]˜D* dg’D* ™ƒ†E ¤A °% *xžƒ- fE]g˜D* ib˜ƒ›˜D*H

         "”x£= bž£A x’ŒJ œD ¤gD* 4b’A&°* dgC*  ÉK jE  rbm›D* x£Jb†˜+ eɀD* xcs- bžF°& fp/bF fpJx~|D* ib˜£•†gD*

                        4b’g+°* ¤›†J ™žŒD*

                                 To Understand Is to Invent

f€F  wGH  f˜•’•D £B]D* ¢›†˜Db+ Ÿ˜•†- °H  A dDb€D* ]~7xgA "ibž£/¡gD* " bE&*  ™£•†gD* f£•˜< "ib˜£•†gD*" ~|-
]0*H ˜F ¢•< y£CxgD* *&  ÉK jE         Ÿ£/b£+ rxgB* ]A  ŸgEQ x+ ™£•†gD* f£D]/ ‡E I5*¡g- ¤GH  œ£J¡+xg•D fc~z›Db+ f˜žE
™£•†gD* œ< &b~{›J ]B ¤£pD* ™žŒD* œ’D    64]J °H Ÿ/¡J ™•†E ]/¡J bcK Db=H   ¤p€~zD* ™•†gD*H „ŒpD* ¢D*( ¥2¡' J ™£•†gD* œE
ÉK £D2 "x’gc- *& ¤›†J ™žŒ- *& " ŸgDbE *¡›< bCH  bžE*]sg~6*H ibE¡•†˜Db+ x£’ŒgD* f~8xA eɀ•D q£gJ ¥wD*  "zJ4]gD*"H 

                                                               f£<*]+(°* ib~6*4]Db+ “D3 f•~8 I]E ¢•<

                            ™•†gD* ibJxƒF

                                        LEARNING THEORIES

‚b˜F&* &b~{+ •gs- hFbC (*H  ,xcsD* œ< ™/bF ”¡•~zD* ¤A x£‰- ¢•< yCx- bž•CH  ™•†gD* ¤A fJxƒF œE xjC&* ”b›G
”¡•~zD* *& ¤›†J b˜E  n)bg›D* ¢•< yCx- f£)*x/°* fJxƒ›DbA  x£Q ‰gD* “D3 ¢D(* ¥2'¡- ¤gD* ,xcsD* ‚b˜F&*H  x£‰gJ ¥wD* ”¡•~zD*
¢g0  i*5y†˜D* ‡£˜/ (bA  fJxƒ›D*  wG d~zp+H  eb†D* ¢D*( bE*( H yJy†gD* ¢D*( bE(* ¥2¡' - ,xc1 |s~{•D rbg- bE]›< x£‰gJ
œE –•J ¥*&  bEK b˜- z’†D* ¢D*( ¥2¡' J Ÿ•’A eb†D* bE*&  –cg~z˜D* ¤A Ix1*& ,xE ”¡•~zD* 4H]~8 —b˜g0* œE ]Jy-  bž›E f£c•~zD*

                                                        –cg~z˜D* ¤A Ix1*& ,xE ”¡•~zD* 4H]~8 —b˜g0*

                          f£)*x/°( * fJxƒ›D*

                                           Operant Theory

 ™•†gD* ibJxƒF *& H  *]K Gb~{E ÉK ˜< ,4Hx~¦Db+ z£D ˆ*]+°( * &° “D3H  ˆ*]+(°* ‡E –Eb†g- ™•†gD* ibJxƒF &b+ b& /bŒg- ]B
f•~|D* i*3 f£)*x/°* ibJxƒ›D* &* h˜•< *3*( &b/bŒg- œDH  ,xGbƒD* ibC¡•~zD* ‡E –Eb†gD* –~¦Œ-  f£)*x/°* fJxƒ›D* b˜£~6 °
i*3 (Skinner, 1972) "x›’~6" xc< ]DH  yA*¡pD*H f£•1*]D* i°bpD* ¢•< yCx- °H  ,xcsD*H yJy†gD* ¢•< ]C'¡- ˆ*]+°( b+

             bc~zpDb+ Ÿg_£+ w1b& F &* H2 œE b›ŒD* ™žŒF &* œ’˜J ŸF&b+ —¡- ¤gD* xƒ›D* fž/¡D Ÿ0b£-4* š]< œ< ,xE

9xgŒ˜D* œE ¤gD* l*]0&°* ¢D(* “D3 Hy†- bžF&°  *xK £jC b›Œ†~z- ° fJ]£•gD* ib+b/°* (* "4¡~|D* ™~6x+ ¡Fb›ŒD* š¡J *3b˜D "
$b£~7°& * $bD b~8K b1 ÉK ~¦A Ÿ£D(* ¡c~z›JH  f£’£-bE*42 ,b£0 {£†J dCxE |s~{C  b›ŒD* –j˜- bžF(*     Ÿ~zŒF b›ŒD* –1*2 –~|p- bžF&*

                            "     Ÿ+ ˆbg˜g~6°*H œŒD* yJy†- ¤A bF]<b~z- ° fJ]£•gD* ,xƒ›D* *& b˜C     bž<]g+* ¤gD* f•£˜mD*
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