Page 199 - ibdaa
P. 199
-b<¡~9¡EH -bJxF *]+°( * 198
62b~zD* ~|D*
*¡<x~{J *& cB eÉD ]- bF&* ¤GH fE f£0 bE dFb/ ¤A z- ]B fpJx~|D* ib£gD* bJ*yE (bA fc~6bDb+H
£C ¡Ax£A bEK ]E fAxD* f£+ A ¢< G]<b~zJ ¥wD* ]gD* D* E b<K ¡F D ]- ¤A ¤DbgDb+H D* ¤A
¤-b& £~6 bE ¢< *HyCxJ *& ¡£g~zJ + DwD 42b~|E |£~|s- ¢D*( ¡/bgpJ °H bF¡J £CH ibE¡D* ¤A HxJ
¡- &* JH Q gD* f£< ~z- bF°& ebgD* *wG ¤A bC f£~64]D* dgD* E ¤A °% *x- fE]gD* ibD*H
"x£= b£A xJ D ¤gD* 4bA&°* dgC* ÉK jE rbmD* x£Jb+ eÉD* xcs- bF°& fp/bF fpJx~|D* ib£gD*
4bg+°* ¤J D*
To Understand Is to Invent
fF wGH fD £B]D* ¢Db+ - °H A dDbD* ]~7xgA "ib£/¡gD* " bE&* £gD* f£< "ib£gD*" ~|-
]0*H F ¢< y£CxgD* *& ÉK jE £/b£+ rxgB* ]A gEQ x+ £gD* f£D]/ E I5*¡g- ¤GH £J¡+xgD fc~zDb+ fE
£gD* < &b~{J ]B ¤£pD* D* D 64]J °H /¡J E ]/¡J bcK Db=H ¤p~zD* gD*H pD* ¢D*( ¥2¡' J £gD* E
ÉK £D2 "xgc- *& ¤J - *& " gDbE *¡< bCH bE*]sg~6*H ibE¡Db+ x£gD* f~8xA eÉD q£gJ ¥wD* "zJ4]gD*"H
f£<*]+(°* ib~6*4]Db+ D3 f~8 I]E ¢<
gD* ibJxF
LEARNING THEORIES
bF&* &b~{+ gs- hFbC (*H ,xcsD* < /bF ¡~zD* ¤A x£- ¢< yCx- bCH gD* ¤A fJxF E xjC&* bG
¡~zD* *& ¤J bE n)bgD* ¢< yCx- f£)*x/°* fJxDbA x£Q gD* D3 ¢D(* ¥2'¡- ¤gD* ,xcsD* bF&*H x£gJ ¥wD* ¡~zD*
¢g0 i*5yD* £/ (bA fJxD* wG d~zp+H ebD* ¢D*( bE*( H yJygD* ¢D*( bE(* ¥2¡' - ,xc1 |s~{D rbg- bE]< x£gJ
E J ¥*& bEK b- zD* ¢D*( ¥2¡' J A ebD* bE*& cg~zD* ¤A Ix1*& ,xE ¡~zD* 4H]~8 bg0* E ]Jy- bE f£c~zD*
cg~zD* ¤A Ix1*& ,xE ¡~zD* 4H]~8 bg0*
f£)*x/°( * fJxD*
Operant Theory
gD* ibJxF *& H *]K Gb~{E ÉK < ,4Hx~¦Db+ z£D *]+°( * &° D3H *]+(°* E Ebg- gD* ibJxF &b+ b& /bg- ]B
f~|D* i*3 f£)*x/°* ibJxD* &* h< *3*( &b/bg- DH ,xGbD* ibC¡~zD* E EbgD* ~¦- f£)*x/°* fJxD* b£~6 °
i*3 (Skinner, 1972) "x~6" xc< ]DH yA*¡pD*H f£1*]D* i°bpD* ¢< yCx- °H ,xcsD*H yJygD* ¢< ]C'¡- *]+°( b+
bc~zpDb+ g_£+ w1b& F &* H2 E bD* F &* J F&b+ ¡- ¤gD* xD* f/¡D 0b£-4* ]< < ,xE
9xgD* E ¤gD* l*]0&°* ¢D(* D3 Hy- bF&° *xK £jC b~z- ° fJ]£gD* ib+b/°* (* "4¡~|D* ~6x+ ¡FbD* ¡J *3bD "
$b£~7°& * $bD b~8K b1 ÉK ~¦A £D(* ¡c~zJH f££-bE*42 ,b£0 {£J dCxE |s~{C bD* j- bF(* ~zF bD* 1*2 ~|p- bF&*
" + bgg~6°*H D* yJy- ¤A bF]<b~z- ° fJ]£gD* ,xD* *& bC b<]g+* ¤gD* f£mD*