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                          f•’~{˜D* ˆ¡F ¢•< bFK b£0&* ]˜g†- —¡•pD* f£<¡F œ’DH  –pD* f£•˜< œ< f•’~{˜D* 2bmJ*( f£•˜<

  f•’~{˜D* ]J]p-

PROBLEM FINDING

œE ¡’J ]B  bK +b~6 b›0xgB* b˜CH  –p•D ,yGb/ f•’~{˜D* ¡’- &* –cB b£0&°* ™ƒ†E ¤A bE $¤~7 l]pJ *& ]Q + °
¤ž/H ¢•< ¤›†Œ~|- ¤-ɒ~{E œE *xK £jC &* Žx<&* bFb& A bŒK £s~6 šÉ’D* *wG H]cJ ]BH  bFK b£0*& bž-*3 f•’~{˜D* ]J]p- ¥4Hx~¦D*
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]g†F ]BH  (May, 1996) bž£A x’ŒF ° b›C ¡D ¢g0  iɒ~{E 2¡/¡D i*x~7'¡E b˜žF&* ¢•< b˜ž+ x†~{F *w•D* x-¡gD*H •D*
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b›F&bCH w)]›< ¡’›A  f•’~{˜D* ]J]p- œ< bF]†g+* ]B “Dw+ ¡’›A  *]K / b~8K b1 bŒK Jx†- H*& *]K / bEK b< bŒK Jx†- f•’~{˜D* ŽxU †F ]B

                                                                   *]K £/ bž›Q £†F ™D H*&  bž£•< xj†F ™D

”*42(*  f•’~{˜D* ]J]p-H  f•’~{˜D* $b›+ “D3 ¤A b˜+  f•’~{˜D* 2bmJ*( i*4bžE œE x£jC ]J]p- ¢•< ¡j0bcD* Œ-* ]D
 f•’~{˜D* ”*42(*H  f•’~{˜D* Žb~{gC*H   –p•D f•’~{˜D* y£žm-  f•’~{˜D* Jx†-H   bž•£†Œ- H*& bžgmDb†E H2 œ’D f˜ž˜D*
œE ¡’J ]BH  (Getzels & Smilansky 1983; Mumford et al., 1991; Runco 1994b) f•’~{˜D* ™£˜†-H
 Jx†- H*& ]J]p- ¢D*( obgp- ° k£0  b›£•< rx€- ¤gD* iɒ~{˜D* Ÿ£Ax: ]0*& ¢•< ‡~¦F –~|gE —b˜†g~6* b~¦K J&* b›G d~6b›˜D*
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                                                    (Runco et al., in press; Wakefield, 1992)

H*& iɒ~{˜D* ]J]pg+ 6b›D* ¦†+ y£˜gJ k£0  f•’~{˜D* 2bmJ(* ¤A fJ2xA ‘HxA 2¡/H ¢D(* b£K Db0 ,x£jC l¡p+ x£~{-H
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¡~64]J" b›G —¡B&* bF&*H  –pD* ˆ¡F 2]pJ f•’~{˜D* ˆ¡F *&  ÉK jE         "y•£~zg£/" ¢<2* ]A  f•’~{˜D* –0 i*4bžE œE ™G&*
™G&* ¡’- bE bcK Db= f•’~{˜D* f=b£~8 *( "  ŸD¡B Ÿ›< –F bE *xK £j’A  ¥&*xD* *wG ¢›cgJ bC Ÿ~zŒF "œJbg~{›J*" °& "¡~64b˜J H*&
œE *4K ]B d•€gJ  ,]J]/ fJH*5 œE f˜J]D* iɒ~{˜D* ¢D*( xƒ›D*H  ,]J]/ i°b˜g0*H  ,]J]/ f•_~6*& rx€A         bž•0 œE

                                (Einstein & Infeld, 1938, p.83) "š¡•†D* ¤A š]gD* 4¡žƒD ]žQ ˜JH —b£sD*

bE bcK Db= Ixc’D* ibAb~{gC°* ¤A bE ™G*& *& " ¢D(*  x£~|B hB¡+ “D3 ]†+  (Wertheimer, 1982) "x˜£.x£A" 4b~7*& ]BH
      8  "rHx€E —*¡' ~6 –0 œE ™ƒ<&* *5K bmF*( ]†J fmg›E f=b£~8 Ÿ=¡~8H —*'¡~zD* 4¡~|- (*H  œ£†E —*¡' ~6 ¢•< 4¡j†D* ¡’J
šb< f£’JxE&°* zŒ›D* ™•< f£†˜/ ¤A  bD*& ¥wD* ¤~6b)xD* Ÿ+b€1 ¤A "iɒ~{˜•D f£~6b~zpD* " “D3 ¢D*( "24¡Œ•£/" Žb~9*& b˜C
"ib£~9xŒD* ‹¡~8H fm<y˜D* ,2¡Œ˜D* x~8b›†D* H&* i*¡mŒDb+ 6b~z0(°*" f£˜G&* (Torrance, 1962) "zF*4¡- " ]C*& H      

                                                                         8  ˆ*]+(ÉD ŸŒJx†- ¤A
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