Page 233 - ibdaa
P. 233
-b<¡~9¡EH -bJxF *]+°( * 232
+b~zD* ~|D*
z~6¡' D* ¡£Dbm£+H ¡£.bE 4b.%*
MATTHEW, PYGMALION, AND FOUNDER EFFECTS
D3 bC&* $*¡~6 *]+(°* ¢< x.¡' J ¡A ¤DbgDb+H tJ4bgD* ¢< b£K £-bE*42 *xK .*& x- ]B J]D* *& £C bK +b~6 bJ&*4 ]D
"x.&°*" ¡~zD* $b< b£~zJ fEbG ,xGb; fJ'H4 ¢< £A ,2¡/¡D* ,2bD* ]<b~z- k£0 +xD* xF* x~{D *& x£sD
fp£p~8 ,4bc< bF(* ""¢= 2*2yJ ¤D*" ,4bcD* w+ h~6 G ÉK jA ¤J2 $*2x+ ¡- bDH tJ4bgD* xc< ,]Gb~{E ¤GH
Merton, ) "¡-x£E" ~|sg~6* ]BH ¡£.bE x~z+ bK £- "¡£.bE" x.&* ¢~z-H f£<*]+°( * i°bmD* D3 ¤A b+ tJ4bgD* xc<
JwD* 2*xA&°* £J k£0 ¤D* kpcD* ¤A "¢= 2*2yJ ¤D*" fD¡E dc~6 q£~9¡- ¤A E]sg~6*H ¢gQ E £mF*( E (1961
]g£A -°bmE ¤A fp~9*H ib~|+ *¡Cx- JwD* bE&* f£Db< i°]+ obgF°( * ¤A 4*xg~6°* ¢D(* D* E *K x£cC bK C ¡mgJ
bFxCwJ F&° E $¤~7 *wGH x~{D*H 6bcgB°b+ gD* ¤D* kpcD* E *K ]£Jb& - x£~zgD* *wG ¢JH cg~zD* ¢D(* Gx.*&
¡g~zD* H*& H]Gb~{D* bJ ¤gD* b0°& *H HyD* ¢< ]gJH ¤-*3 f£<*]+°( * f£D* E *K $y/ &b+
¡J JwD fc~zDb+ bK ~¦J*& q£p~8 D DwC f£pD* ¤A ¤GH fJ4bjg~6°* ib/¡gD* M ~8H c~{J *wG &* H]cJH
*¡: 5bmF(°*H $bD* ¤A 4*xg~6ÉD ¡<yJ £E ¤<*]+(* bmE ¤A bK £~z+ b_K £~7 HymJ JwD* 8bs~7&°bA ¤<*]+(* e¡~6&b+
"bJ4bg~6"H "xcD*H" ~8H k£0 f££gD* B*¡D* ¤A b~¦K J*& bG x.&°* *wG *( ¢= 2*2yJ ¤DbA *wGH f£D* -b£0
¡p~7xE rbm+ g~6*42 H&*]cJ JwD* eÉD* &* ¢D*( É~8¡-H eÉD* ¢< "¡£.bE" x.*& (Walberg & stariha, 1992)
g~6*42 ,xgA *¡: ¤J2bC°& * £~|pgD* ¤A 4*xg~6ÉD
4*xg~6°* E ¡B¡gJ ¡~6H £D*( £E bcgF* ewmJ ¡~6 F*xB*& < y£gJ ¥wD* D* &* D3 ¡E ÉC *wGH
¢D*( £D* ibB¡- ¥2¡' - &* f£FbE(* q~9¡J ¥wD* ¡£Dbm+ x.*& E x.°& * *wG A*¡gJ 2]~|D* *wG ¤AH ¡g+ £~|p- ¤A
bK £< b-K bpF bCH $b~zD* xJ bC 4¡~8 E ¡£Dbm+ &* f£FbF¡£D* ,4¡~6°& * ¡- eÉD* ibC¡~6 ¤A f£B*H i°¡p-
,b£pD* £D*( i2b<b& A bmD*H dpD* fD*% hJ2HxA*& b<2 . bjgD* d0 ¤A BHH f£/ ,*& xE(° °K bj- ~|A
5bmF°( bK +¡G¡E bK ~|s~7 dgJ xE°& * *& D3 fcG¡D* 6b~6&* ¢< "¢= 2*2yJ ¤D*" fD¡D* wG x£~z- JH
x.&* b( A D3 EH xcC&*H ~¦A&* $b£~7&* H*& f+b~{E $b£~7&* 5bmF(* ¤A 4*xg~6ÉD fcG¡E dgJ . H°& * x£~|D* $¤~{D*
bjD* £c~6 ¢< *]K J]/ *K 4¡E ¡0xgJ JwD* ¡FbDbA B¡gD* ,¡B dFb/ ¢D*( fJHy< ib<yF bK ~¦J*& zJ ]B "¡£.bE"
°(* *HymJ D ¡D ¢g0 £D(* bcgF°* ew/ ¤A Hxg~zJ ]B . EH r*xgB°* D3 dc~z+ £D*( bcgF°* ¡+wmJ bE *xK £jC
,2¡/ < xD* ¦+ ~6*H bF ¢< fEbG y)*¡/ ¢< ¡~|pJ JwD* $bD* b<*& *& x- ]BH bE°& * ¢D(* *¡E]g£D £D*
*& bE |s~7 £g~zJ ¤DbgDb+H Db<&* bcg~6* ¢< bK E *K x.&* xgJ ]cD* ~6* *& ¢D(* /xJ D3 DH f0ÉD* Db<&*
]0*H £< ¤<*]+*( obgF* É1 E ,x~{D* pJ
f£sJ4bgD* f£c~6°& * H*& fJ¡DH&°* x.&* b~¦K J&* ¢<]J z~6¡' D* x.&* ¢Q ~zJ bE (Nicholls, 1983) yD¡£F ~8H *wG /*& E
E ,x£cC f~z+ ggJ ° bC (*H ¢g0 D* E bK £E bK 1 &*]+ ¥wD* |s~{D* ~¦+ *xg<°* xg~zJ bE]< D3 q~¦gJH
£D¡~zF°& * ~{gE Banting"gFb+" D3 ¢< bjE x£1H ,]0*H ,x.'¡E ,xA I¡~6 rx: H&* ~{gC* ]B J D ¡D ¢g0H cB
