Page 279 - ibdaa
P. 279

Ÿ-b<¡~9¡EH Ÿ-bJxƒF   ˆ*]+(°* 278

‡~6bgD* –~|ŒD*                                                                                                               

                               ‡+x˜D*

                            f£~{EbžD*

                                           Marginality

 Ÿ~|~|s- 2H]0 o4b1 ™ž›E –C –˜< ]A  œ££~{EbG b~8K bs~7&* œ£<]c˜D* œE ™Gx£=H "H4*2"H  "Ÿ£/b£+"H  "]JHxA" bC
 ¤~zŒ›D* –£•pgD* fJxƒF xJ¡€- –cB b£/¡D¡£~zŒD* "]JHxA " 642H  ¤Ax†˜D* ¡˜›D* f~6*42 ¤A b£/¡D¡£cD* ¢•< "Ÿ£/b£+" ]˜g<* k£0

               ¤/¡D¡£cD* 4¡€gD* œ< Ÿ-b+bgC ¤A  b£/¡D¡£mD* “D3 ¤A b˜+  fŒ•gs˜D* œJ2b£˜D* œE 2]< ¤A "H4*2 " xƒFH
,xc1 *]£E o4b1 ,$*xD* ,4¡~8 ¤A –B°& * ¢•< ¡’- ¤gD*  ,2¡~|˜D* f£~{EbžDb+ "Ÿ£/b£+"H "x›’~6" œE –C ¢~8H*& b˜C
¢D*( 4b~7*& H  f£~{EbžDb+ ¡c=xJ œJ4¡ž~{˜D* œ£<]c˜D* &* (Gardner, 1993) "xF24b/" xC3 b˜C  Ÿ~|~|s-H |s~{D*
¤A —bB ]A  ŸF*]£E H*& ŸDbmEH 2xŒD* œ£+  fDbpD*  wG ¤A  e¡=x˜D* x-¡gD* —b’~7&* œE –’~{C asynchrony f£›E*y-ÉD*
bžA]- H&* ,xcsD* f†gE ¢•< “Dw+ –~|p£A œE*y-ÉD* ŽHx; œ< kpcJ bE 4]+ 5xcJ b›E 2xA –C *& ]C&bgE ¤›F*( " 2]~|D* *wG
4b˜. f~64b˜E ¤A 6b›D* –C fc=4 š]< dc~6 ™žA ¢•< 42bB x£= Žb€˜D* fJbžF ¤A Ÿ~zŒF ]mJH —bm˜D* fAb0 ¢•< ŸF¡C œE

                                                                                  8 "œE*y-ÉD*
b˜C  –~|ŒD* *wG ¤A bK 0° Ÿ~{Bb›F Ž¡~6 ¥wD*  œ£<]c˜D* 8bs~7°& * I]D ¦Bb›gD* š¡žŒE –˜’- n)bg›D*  wG œE *xK £jC (*
f£<*]+(°* fBb€D* £p-H  f£<*]+°( * i*5bmF(°* œE ,x£jC $*y/*& &* ]J]pgDb+H  ˆ*]+(°* ib~6*42 Ž*]G&* ‡E ~QzgE bž˜ƒ†E &*

                       ]•Q m˜D* *wG fJbžF ]›< ˆ¡~9¡˜D* *wG ‡•€g~zF Ž¡~6H 4b£g1°*H bJ*¡›D* ib£•˜†D fD*2 ¤G  f›Eb’D*

                           f£D¡€D* ib~6*4]D*

                                     LONGITUDINAL STUDIES

e¡/HH (Rubin, 1982) f£~|s~{D* ibcj+ •†g- fDb& ~zE ”b›G *& °(*  8b1 –’~{+ ,]£ŒEH f†g˜E f£D¡€D* ib~6*4]D* &* ‡E
œ£+ ,2¡/¡˜D* ib€+*xgD* †~¦J ° *wG b( A  “D3 ‡EH  ,b£pD* ,4H2 —É1 f£~|s~{D* ¢•< *& x€- ]B ¤gD* i*x£‰gDb+ Ž*xg<°*

                                                ¤<*]+(°* $*2°& * H*& f£<*]+°( * fBb€D*H f›£†˜D* ib˜~zD* ¦†+

œ£~6]›ž˜D* $*2*& dB*xJ "¡›£CbE" bCH  (IPAR) ]ž†E Ÿ£A `~{F&* ¥wD* hB¡D* ¤A ,2]†gE f£D¡: ib~6*42 i&*]+ ]D
*¡/xs- œJwD* 4¡CwD* eɀD* œE bcK Db:    ‡~¦1       šb< i&*]+ ¤gD*  ib~6*4]D*  wG I]0(* ¤ŒA  ¢DH&°* ,x˜•D œ£J4b˜†˜D*
bE]›< bEK b<    ]†+ œ£mJxsD* $°'¡G ™££- ]£<*& ™.  f£<*]+(°* fBb€D*H $bCwD* ¤A i*4bcg1* ,]†DH fƒ0ɘ•D f†EbmD* œE
™G°& * fm£g›D* hFbCH  œ£›~zD*  wG xc< 4*xg~6* 2¡/H ¢D(* ibF4b˜D* i4b~7*& ]BH  ™G4b˜<&* œE œ£†c~zD*H f£FbjD* ¤A *¡FbC
œJbcgD* œE    ix~zA Psychological mindedness "¤~zŒ›D* –†gD*"H –˜pgD* “D3 ¤A b˜+  f£~|s~{D* i*x£‰gE *&
 ,x€£~zDbC  bGx£= œE *4K *xg~6*H b-K bc. xjC*&  ÉK jE  ¤~zŒ›D* –†gDbC  ib˜~zD* ¦†+ hFbCH  f£<*]+°( * fBb€D* ib~6b£B ¤A
rbgŒF°*H i*wD* –c-H "x£Jb†˜D* ¤A “~{D*" œ£+ ‚bc-4* 2¡/H ¢•< –)°2 (Feist & Barron) H4b+H h~z£A ]/H ]BH   ÉK jE

               œJxc’gEH œ££)*]< ¡F¡’J œ£<]c˜D* $b˜•†D* *& ,x’A bK +b~6 b~¦02 b˜žF*& b˜C  ˆ*]+(°* œ£+H ,xcsD* ¢•<

 ¤~9b˜D* xD* œE ib£›£~z˜sD* x1*H*& ¤A i&*]+ ¤gD* (Helson, 1996) "y•£E" f~6*42 ¤G  Ix1&* f£D¡: f~6*42 ”b›GH
,]†D œ†~¦1 ]BH  f£DbgD* f›~zD* ¤A ™.     H      ¤Eb< œ£+ f~6*4]D* ¤A fC4b~{˜D* "y•£E" f£•C ¤A $b~z›D* œE d•: ]A
f£<*]+°( * fBb€D* xJ]- ™-H  (MMPI, the ACL, California Psychological inventory) f£~|s~{•D z£JbE
   274   275   276   277   278   279   280   281   282   283   284