Page 357 - ibdaa

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x~7b†D* –~|ŒD*

ib†˜gmE hDHb›- ¤gD* Ix1°& * ib~6*4]D* n)bgF œE *]K / bcK JxB bC f›£†D* wG ¤A x£.b& gD* ™m0 *& ¢D*( n)bg›D* i4b~7&*H
"¡~zF*¡~6" *x/&* ¥wD* ¥]†cD* –£•pgD* –˜g~7* ]BH b~¦K J*& ,x˜D* wG bcK Jx- > ¥Hb~z- Eta hFbC ]A Ix1*& f£jp+
fE]sg~z˜D* x£Jb†˜D* i*x£‰gE 2]< ¡G “D3 œE ™G&°* œ’D A ib~6*42 lÉ. ib~6*4]D* œE –£•B 2]< ¢•<"œ£’~6¡G"H

Ix1&*H fJx’ŒD* fBɀ•D fm£gF ]m- ]A ÉK jE ¥]<bcgD* x£Œ’gD* ¢•< fJ¡gD*H ™£<]gD* 2¡ž/ x.&* z£- f~6*4]D* hFbC *3(bA

]BH ,]0*H f~6*42 œE ¤-b& -H ]0*H ¥]†+ –£•p- ¤A bž›£˜~¦- œ’˜J 4b.*% f.É. wGH fJx’ŒD* fDb~8É& D fjDb.H fJx’ŒD* fFHx˜•D
¥]†cD* b˜ž•£•p- ¤A *xK .&* H&* fm£gF ¢D(* "œ£’~6¡G" H "¡~zF*¡~6" –~8¡-

¥]†cD* –£•pgD*

Meta-analysis

f+b~zD* iÉ£•pg•D –£•p- œ< ,4bc< 3(* ¥]†cD* –£•pgDbA f+b~zD* l¡pcD* n)bgF ¢•< Ÿ-bFb£+ ¤A ¥]†cD* –£•pgD* ]˜g†J
b˜+ ,2b†D* ¤A ¥]†cD* –£•pgD* fm£gF 6b-H bž-°]†E oxsg~zFH f+b~zD* ib~6*4]D* n)bgF ¦†+ xJb†F b›F(* —¡F “D3 £~zcgDH

Effect size x.&°* ™m0 ¢˜Q ~zJ
(Cohen 1977) > Š•+ *3*( b€K ~6¡gEH > Š•+ *3*( *xK £cC ¡’JH ¥]†cD* –£•pg•D ¤)b~|0°( * n-b›D* ¡G 3*( x.°& * ™m0H
f+b~zD* ib~6*4]D* –C ¤A dJ4]gD* x.&* —]†E ¢D(* "eta" ¢˜Q ~zJ bcK Db= x.°& * ™m0 x£~{JH x£‰~8 ¡žA > ŠDbcD* x.°& * ™m0 bE*&
4bJ ™. œEH 2*xŒF* ¢•< f~6*42 –C ¤A ¤›†J fJ2xŒD* 4b.°% * ,xJb†E ,2b< ™g£A ,]J]< b<K *¡F&* f+b~zD* ib~6*4]D* ¡’- ]BH
f€+b~¦D* ib<¡˜m˜D* œE fJ4b£†E ibA*xpF*H f£+b~z0 ib€~6¡gE –’~7 ¢•< fJ2xŒD* 4b.°% * ¡’- ]BH bžD]†E oxsg~zJH bž›£+
H&* f£)bgD* fc~z›D* H*& Ž 4bcg1bC ¤)b~|0(* –’~7 ¢•< ÉK ~8*& ¡’- ]B H*& fJ]†cD* fmDb†˜D*H f£•cD* fmDb†˜D* œE H&* f£cJxmgD*H
–£•pgD* ¤A ŸD]†E o*xsg~6b+ š¡F bE ¡GH ¥4b£†E ™m0 ¢D*( ib£)b~|0°( * wG œE ¤)b~|0*( –C –J¡p- œ’˜JH f£)*yD* f/4]D*
"y/]£G"H "x+¡C"H (Cohen, 1977) "œ£G¡C" ™Gxž~7&* œEH “D3 œ< f£•£~|Œ- ibE¡•†E œ£j0bcD* œE 2]< š]Q BH ¥]†cD*

(Wortman and Bryant, 1985) "hFbJx+" H "b˜-4HH"H (Cooper & Hedges, 1994)

–†mJ *wGH f+b~zD* ibFb£c•D bž†£˜m- ]›< fŒ•gsE ib_A „pD* $¡~zD š]sg~z- fJ]†cD* iÉ£•pgD* wG ™ƒ†E œ’DH
¤A ib/bg›g~6°* q~9H&* ]†J bE b›D hE]BH ib_ŒD* “•- fjJ]pD* fJ]†cD* iÉ£•pgD* I]0(* h€~z+ ]BH bcK †~8 *xK E*& bž›£+ fF4b˜D*
f£-°% * ib’£g’gD* ]0*& bž›E –C Ž]žg~6* A ib_A ‡+4*& (Scott et al. 2004) 'HÉE5H "i¡’~6" š]sg~6* ]A —bm˜D* *wG
f£•†ŒD* —¡•pD* ]£Cb& - f•’~{˜D* –0 ‡~6¡gD*H fDb~8&°*H fFHx˜D*H fBɀD* ¥*& ¥]<bcgD* x£’ŒgD* ˆ*]+°( * f£˜›gD
iÉ£•pgD* “•- œ< n-b›D* ¤•’D* x.°& * ™m0 bC ibGbm-°* ¤A œ~zpgD* H ¤•†ŒD* $*2&°*H obgF°( * iɒ~{˜•D
H' ÉE5H "i¡’~6" š]Q B ]D > Š•+ ¥wD* ¥4b£†˜D* Ž*xpF°* Ÿ~z’< œJbcgD* œE I¡g~zE ¢D(* i4b~7*& n)bg›D* œ’D >
obgF°( *H 4b’A&ÉD r¡gŒ˜D* obgF(°*H Ÿ£c~{gD*H –£sgD* ˆ*]+°( * ¢•< dJ4]gD* œE b€K ˜F Ÿ£A *¡~|pA bJK ]†+ ÉK £•p- e
H&* ¤•£•pgD* ¤<*]+(°* x£’ŒgD*H 4b’AÉ& D ]£˜D* obgF(°*H e¡~6bpD* ¢•< ]˜g†˜D* obgF(°*H f£<*]+(°* f£•˜†D*H 4b’AÉ& D ¤•<bŒgD*
˜F –C f£•<bA ™££gD ¥]†cD* –£•pgD* H' ÉE5H "i¡’~6" –˜†g~6* ™. ¤˜£GbŒ˜D* ‡£˜mgD*H 4b’AÉ& D ¤ŒB¡˜D* obgF°( *H ]Bb›D*

> x.°& * ™m0 —]†E Š•cA f£cJ4]gD* ‚b˜F&°* wG œE

,x£~|B dJ4]gD* ,xgA x.*& &* q~9*¡D* œ˜A ™£<]gD* H&* dJ4]gD* f£•<bA I]E 2]p- ¤gD* –E*¡†D* ]0*& fmDb†˜D* ,]E ]†-H
xcg1* bE]›< (Scope, 1998) "e¡’~6" œG3 ¤A 4H]J bE ¡G “D3 bC ]BH I]˜D* f•J¡: nE*xcD* x.*& œ< •gsJ I]˜D*
x.°& * *& hFbC ™G°& * fm£g›D* œ’D > eta *xK Gb+ bC x.°& * ™m0 —]†E *& ]/¡A bjK p+ n)bgF ÉK •pE x.&* ™m0
b£K )b~|0*( —*2 x£= –Eb†E ¡GH > n-b›D* ‚bc-4°* –Eb†E b’A b£K )b~|0(* fBɆD* wG h••0 ]BH dJ4]gD* ,]Q ˜+ c-xJ °