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45 Ÿ-b<¡~9¡EH Ÿ-bJxƒF   ˆ*]+(°*
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šbž~6°( * “D3 ]†+ Ÿ›’˜£A  f˜ž˜D* 4¡E°& * ”4]JH i*¡mŒD* bž£A IxJ f•0xE ¢D*( bžDÉ1 –~|J ]A  fJ4Hx~¦D* ibE¡•†˜D* b-*(
¢D*( ]£†FH   i*$b›jg~6°* ¦†+H    –~|ŒD* xƒF*  2]~|D* *wG ¤A i°bm˜D* œ£+ ‘HxA ”b›GH  ¢›†E ¥3 –’~{+ ŸDbmE ¤A
—bm˜D* ¤A f˜Gb~z˜D*H ib~9*xgA°* f~{Bb›E ¤A —bm˜D* o4b1 œE |s~7 ‘¡ŒgJ k£0  f£›ž˜D* f£~{EbžD* ,x’A b›G bG3°& *
xE°& *H  ibBH°& * ™ƒ†E ¤A ,]£ŒE ¡’- ibE¡•†˜D* œ’D  (Dogan & Pahre, 1990; Runco, 1994d)   f£<*]+*( fJx€+
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–’~{+ ™ž~zŒF*& ¡~6x’J ™G*xF “DwDH  —bm˜D* “D3 ¡~64]J ™GH f†g˜Db+ Hx†~{JH  —bm˜Db+ ¡cm†E ™žF°& “D3 ¡•†ŒJ œ£†E
b˜C H*&  ¡D¡J b˜C *K ]/ bK †Jx~6 ¤~¦˜J hB¡DbA  —bm˜D* *wG ¢•< ¡•˜†J ™žF*&  ¡C4]J ° H*&  ¡~z›J bE *K x£jCH  ŸgE]sD –EbC

                                          "‘x<H ,x+bjE    H šbžD*(    fJxc†D*"  "¡~zJ2*& 6bE¡-" —bB

"y£F4b+" rxgB*H  l]p- &* bžD q˜~zF &* ¡G Ÿ•˜< b››’˜J bE –CH b›-x€£~zD ‡~¦s- ° ¤gD* ib£•˜†D* ¦†+ ”b›G 3(*
fE5ÉD* f~8xŒD*H hB¡D* xA¡F *& H*&  ÉK jE  f0*xg~6* w1b& F H*& fD¡/ ¤A dGwF b& + l]p- bž•†mF &* œ’˜J b›F&* (Parnes, 1967)
ib’£g’- q•€~|˜+ "y£F4b+" bž£D*( 4b~7&* bK Eb˜- ,x~7bcE Ix1&* ib’£g’- ”b›G œ’DH  ¤’£g’- 4*xB Ÿ-*3 ]p+ *wGH  fFb~¦p•D
&* ™ž˜D* œE &° b›G bž£D*( x£~7&* bF&*H    –~|ŒD* ¤A –£~|ŒgDb+ ib’£g’gD*  wG h~9x< ]BH  "lH]pDb+ bžD r¡˜~zE "
n)bgFH ibJxƒ›Db+ *K ]£/ f˜<]E ¤GH  f›Eb’D* ibBb€D* p-H ¤<*]+(°* x£’ŒgD* ¤˜›- ¤gD* ib’£g’gD*  wžD bJK ¡B *xK Jxc- š]F
 f£m£-*xg~6°* H&* “£g’gD*H kpcD* H*& ibJxƒ›D* œ£+  +xD* *wG *(  ]Q •m˜D* *wG bJb›. ¤AH –~|ŒD* *wG ¤A ,4¡Cw˜D* l¡pcD*

                                                             bG2¡/H 4xcJH f£<*]+°( * ib’£g’gD* 5y†J

œE Ix1*& œCbE*& ¤A ,2¡/¡˜D* ™£GbŒ˜D*H –~|ŒD* *wG ¤A h~9x< ¤gD* ™£GbŒ˜D* œ£+ f£Ab~9(°* +*HxD* œE 2]< ”b›G
–~|ŒD* xƒF*   f£~zŒ›D* 9*xE&°* ™•< ™žA ¤A bF]£Œ-  ÉK jE  ¤D¡˜~{D* x£’ŒgD* ¤A        "“FyJ*% " fJxƒ›A  ebg’D* *wG
fFHx˜D* ¢D*( b~¦K J*&        "xmF° " ixƒF ]D   fJ4bpgF°* 4b’A&°b+ c-x- ¤gD*   *]K / f£F]g˜D* fFHx˜D* “DwCH    ‡+*xD*
¤A f£~6]pD* ,4]D*H fFHx˜D* œE ÉK C        "œJbg~6 " ]Q C*& b˜C  f£<*]+(°* f£~|s~{D* e¡•~6&* œE b˜K žE *$K y/ bž-xcg<*H
—Hb›gJ ¥wD* kpcD* “D3 q~9¡J b˜C  f£<b˜g/°* ib£•˜†Db+ “DwC fAx†˜D* c-x-H  f<]c˜D* f£~|s~{D* ib˜~zD Ÿ~|£s•-
‚bF kpcF Ž¡~6H  ˆ*]+°( * fE5Ég˜D f›£†E dF*¡/ —¡0 $b˜•†D* œ£+ ˆb˜/(* 2¡/H +*HxD*  wG rxg-H  ¤›GwD* ~|†D*

                                ebg’D* *wG šbg1 ¤A  l¡pcD* ¤A f<¡›g˜D* ‡£~9*¡˜D* ¦†+H $b˜•†D* œ£+ ‘bŒ-°*
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