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I]E ”b›G °& ™ž<*]+(° fc~z›Db+ ~6¡' E xE*& *wGH  ]£DbgD* f•0xE ¤A bEK b˜- œ££Ax0 *¡F¡’J *& œ’˜JH  ¢€~6¡D* f£)*]g+°*
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b£K Ax0 x’Œ- &* bE*( hF&bA  ¤AxpD* x£’ŒgD* ‡E f~¦Bb›gE ,2b< ¡’- 4b’A&°*  wGH    –~|ŒD* xƒF*   ¤~6b£D* x£’ŒgD* —É1

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 bEK b˜- —¡†E xE*& *wGH  ™ž<*]+(* œ< x£c†gD* ¤A f+¡†~8 H]mJ ]£DbgD* f•0xE ¤A —bŒ:&°* *& *]K / q~9*¡D* œE (*
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¢›†˜+ ‡£€EH šyg•E ]£DbgD* –Œ€A  ˆ*]+(°* lH]pD f£AbC x£= bžF&* ‡E fJ4Hx~9 fDb~8&°* (bA “DwDH  *xK Jb~zE H*& "b<K *¡€E"
¤-*wD* x£c†gD* £†J *& *wG b& ~7 œEH  ŸF*xB*& H Ÿ)ÉEyD ¥2b£g<°* ¤€˜›D* ”¡•~zD* ]•JH f£<b˜g/°* ib†B¡g•D bK AH x£~zJ ŸF*&
i*5bm˜D* ¡c›mgJH   f‰•D f£AxpD* ¤Fb†˜D* ¢•< —bŒ:°& * ]˜g†J bE]›< ]£DbgD* f•0xE ¤A bpK ~9*H ˆ*]+(°* |F H]cJH  ˆ*]+(°*H
‡/*xg- bE]›< H&*   ™žD š]J x1*% b_K £~7 Ÿc~{J ¡GH   A b£K •£j˜- b›K A ¡E]J bE]›<H   Ix1&°* f£<*]+°( * x£+b†gD*H i*4b†g~6°*H
¢˜Q ~zJ bE ¡~64b˜J f†~6bgD* f›~zD* —bŒ:&* ~|F ¤D*¡0 *& q~9*¡D* œEH  (Torrance, 1968) –£~8°& * x£’ŒgD* ¢•< ™ž-*4]B

                                                       –£~8°& * x£’ŒgD* i*4bžE ¤A ‡+*xD* ~|D* ‡/*x-
xE°& * f£0 ¤A *wGH  U ŽxpD* –’~7 w1&bJ ¥wD* 4¡€g•D ib~6b’†F* bžF*& ¢•< “DwC ˆ*]+°( * ¤A ib†/*xgD* hŒ~8H b˜C
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b›K ~6 ¡•~|J bE]›< f£<*]+°( * ™žc£Db~6&*H ™ž-b<*]+(* H2Hb†J ™. œEH  U ŽxpD* –Œ~6*&   f›£†E b›K ~6 ™žD¡~8H ]›< ˆ*]+(°*
¥wD* 4¡€gD* 4b~zE ¢•< °K bjE     –’~{D* q~9¡JH  (e.g., Johnson 1985, in the chapter by Tannebaum) xcC*&

                                                                           U ŽxpD* –’~7 w1b& J

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                                   U ŽxpD* –’~7 w1&bJ ¥wD* 4¡€gD* 4b~zE     –’~{D*
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