Page 53 - ibdaa
P. 53
-b<¡~9¡EH -bJxF *]+°( * 52
ÁbjD* ~|D*
I]D 4¡gD* f0x+ &bcgF &* fpD* x£= E D ibS ~zE - D *( fEb< f<yF ¢D*( 0*xD* x£~{- fJxJwp- fC
bFx£- ¤AH bE*ygD* ]< H*& bE*ygD* ¤A bEK b- £~zgE b~zDH fgsE ib<x~z+ 4¡gF pA ¤EyD* x< ¢< $K b+ 2xD*
bFK b£0*& ]£DbgD* cB bE f0xE ¤A 2xD* ¡J ]BH B*¡D* ¦+ ¤A Jx1%°* £F bK £/ pF ¥]£DbgD* x£= H*& ¥]£DbgD*
<bgD* q~|E ,xGbD* wG ¢< :*& ]BH fjDb. bFK b£0&* ]£DbgD* ]+ bE f0xE ¤AH Ix1&* bFK b£0*& ]£DbgD* f0xE ¤AH
~|D* fAxC fG*xD* i°bpD*H ÉK jE ]£DbgDb+ *ygD°bC ib~zD* E C obgF ¡G ¡~zD* *& ¢+ fDbpD*H f~zD* £+
ÉK jE D* bE H*& yD* H*& ¤<bg/°* £pD* H*&
£/b£+ fJxF
Piagetian Theory
¤A Ix@1&°* ¤G hg~6*H f~|gE x£= fJ4¡- fJxF (Jean Piaget, 1970, 1976) “£/b£+ b@/ ” ]@B
fJ2bD* ib£D* f0xD “£/b£+” i*5bmF(* ]@0&* ¡G ÉK jE n~9bD* £~|gDbA f£<*]+(°* ib<yD*H ¡£D* x£~z-
0 *( ¤<*]+°( * x£gD* ¤A bK E *4K H2 ¥2'¡- *& J ,4bE ¤GH (Katz & Thompson, 1993; Runco, 1994a)
$b+ bK £E bJK xA bK 1 g~z£~6 bC *3(* b£A 2xD* 4xJ bE]< f££~|- ib£< dgJ ]B ÉK jE ¤<*]+°( * iÉ~{D*
F&° b_K £~7 2xD* dm- *3*( H £~|gD* E ¡F ¡G -*3 ]p+ pD* *wGH ° *& gmD* E °K ¡cE bC (* £< pD* ¢<
lH]0 bg0* E ]Q pJ bE gmD* ,xJb~zEH ]£DbgDb+ *ygD°* E ¡F ¢D(* 2¡£~6 D3 b( A gmD* ¤A ¡cE x£=
¤<*]+°( * 4b~|cg~6°*
ibA2*xD* I]@0*( ¤G £gD* f£+bBH £gD*H 4¡gD* f£< x£~zgD £gD* ¢< "£/b£+ " o3¡F ]gJ bC
xF* fE$*¡D*H jgD* $¡~9 ¤A £gD* x~zJ "£/b£+ " o3¡F &* bC (Cohen, 1989) *]+°( * E *]K / fcJxD* f)b~{D*
(Guilford 1968; Runco 1996d) f£<*]+*( 4bA&* ¢D*( bFK b£0&* 2¡- ¤gD* i°¡pgD* A ¤A jgD* bF]<b~zJH Runco, 1985
Gruber 1981) f£<*]+°( * "b-]/H " ibpD E *xK £jC y£- ¤gD* f_/bD* i*4b~|cg~6°* bD x~z- ¤gD* ¤A fE$*¡D* bE*&
"£/b£+ " < xcJ bC £gD* l]pJH £gD* ¢D*( f/bp+ F*& x~{J D bE fE$*¡Db+ °H jgDb+ ,2b< 2xD* gJ °H (b
D* ¡J ° f£E ibE¡E H*& f£E ,xc1 2xD* J ° bE]< l]pJ ¥wD* 5*¡gD* ]< E ¡+ 2xD* x~{J bE]<
£gD f£+bD*H *]+(°* ¤A f£AbjD* HxD* ~|D* ¤A {BbF ¡~6H ,]~{D* ibBH&* ¤A H&* ibE¡D* E 5*¡- fDb0 ¤A
/b£+ fJxF ]F
Criticisms of Piagetian Theory
wG Ix-H f~|gE f£< 4¡gD* &* Ix- ibJxF bG DH f~|gE x£= f£< 4¡gD* &* 4bA°& * wG E x£jC 9xgJ
(Levine 1984) "Jb£D " ]B ]BH f~|gEH ,xg~zE f£< 4¡gD* &*H 4¡gD* ¤A 0*xE lH]0 ¢D(* f/b0 ° F*& ibJxD*
*]+(°* bmE ¤A "£/b£+" fJxF £cg+ f~8b1 i*2bgF*