Page 99 - ibdaa
P. 99

Ÿ-b<¡~9¡EH Ÿ-bJxƒF   ˆ*]+°( * 98

kDbjD* –~|ŒD*                       

       ¥x~{cD* ‹bE]D* ibmDb†E

MANIPULATIONS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN

bQK 0 h›C *3b( A  c~¦D*H '¡c›gD* ¢•< *4K 2bB ¡’J *& ¤‰c›J ]£mD* ™•†D* &* bG2bŒE ,x’A (Skinner, 1965) "x›’~6" rx:
                        bž+ ™’pg- £CH    l]p- œD ¢gEH   l]pg~6 ¢gE &bc›g- &* “Fb’E(b+ (bA  bE ,xGb; ™žŒ-

 “Operant Theory” f£)*x/(°* fJxƒ›D* ¢˜~zJ *& dmJ b˜+ H*& “Behaviorism” f£C¡•~zD* f£mž›˜Db+ "x›’~6" Žx†JO H
]J]pgD  f•g~z˜D* i*x£‰g˜D* ‡E –Eb†g- fJxcs˜D* e4bmgD* *& ¤A dc~zD* ¡G *wGH  bž•C fJxcs˜D* š¡•†D* ~|-  4b’A&* b( A “D3 ‡EH
(Synder et al. 2003) ŸBbA4H "4]›£~6" 24H&*  bm-°* *wG ¤AH   f€c~¦›EH  f£cc~6 fBÉ< i*3 f†+b- i*x£‰gE hFbC *3(* bE

8¡~|ŒD* ¤A f£c~|†D* bJÉsD* •- *¡Cb0 ]A  ¥x~{cD* ‹bE]•D f£<*]+°( * i*4]D* b& ~{+ ebm<(ÉD ,x£j˜D* l¡pcD* ¦†+

dpJ ¥wD* Žxgp˜D* ™Db†D* –˜†J b˜C b£QK ›A $*2°& * ¢•< ,4]D* |s~7 –’D ¡’- &* f£Db˜g0* 4bcg1* Ž]ž+ Ix~z£D* f£=]~|D*
dDb= ¤A ¡Fb›A $b˜•†D* (*  f£›A —¡£E ™žJ]D h~z£D œJwD* 8bs~7&°* I]D " f›Eb’D* ™Db†D* i*4bžE " f£~9xA *¡0x:H  Ÿ•˜<
b( A  “D3 ‡EH  f•£~8&* H&* f£<*]+*( —b˜<*& ¢D*( ¥2'¡- °H  “D3 Ÿ+b~7 bE H*& f£~9bJ4 bFK b£0*& ¡’- ™ž-*4bžE &* ™=4  b£0°& *

                                                                   fJ2b< x£=H  f£)b›jg~6* ™žcG*¡E

repetitive Transcranial Magnetic) ,4x’gE f£~z£:b›‰E ,4b@.*( ib~¦cF Ÿ£/¡g+ ŸBbA4H "4]›£~6" šbB ]D
l]0*& b˜E   ib†EbmD* I]0*( eÉ:  b‰K Db+ b~|K s~7 x~{< ]0&* ¢•< f£B2    ,]˜D f˜m˜mD* ¢•< (Stimulation - rTMS
5xc- *& œ’˜J $b˜•†D* i*4bžE " &* ¡G f£D¡†E xjC&°* ™G¡' c›- bCH  f£EbE°& * f£=]~|D* 8¡~|ŒD* ¤A " f£•†A *4K *x~9&*"
 a]žE oÉ< œE f˜/bF ,4b.*( bG]0*& bC ,]J]< +*¡~9 “DwD *¡E]sg~6bA       8  " bE l2b0 ˆ¡BH x.(* bJK ¡Œ<"

]BH  œ£Œ•gs˜D* 2*xAÉ& D fc~z›Db+ fŒ•gsE ibBH*& ¤A *& ]c- f£cJxmgD* fmDb†˜D* *¡•†/H  2]†gE ¥]<bB 1 ™£˜~|- x1%°* bCH
,xEH (rTMS) £c€- –cB ,xE  8¡~|›D* f†/*xEH  ™~6xD* šbžE —É1 œE i*xE ‡+4*& kpcD* *wG ¤A œ£C4b~{˜D* |pA ™Q -

                                                            f+xmgD* šb˜-*( ]†+ œ£-xEH  “D3 $b›.*& ¤A

oɆD* š*]sg~6* ]†+ z£DH  rTMS £c€- ]†+ b£K +¡•~6*& *xK £Q ‰- *Hxž;*& x~{< ]0&°* œ£C4b~{˜D* œE f†+4&* &* ¢•< n)bg›D* hD2
b~¦K J&* bC4b~{E xž;*& ]BH  ,]†EH fAx1yE hFbCH  ,b£pD* ¤Cbp- hFbC ¤gD* ibE¡~6xD* ¤A bpK ~9*H x£Q ‰gD* *wG bCH   a]ž˜D*
™ž-bE*]sg~6* ¤A ¡£Ax0 ™žFb& + bFK b£0*& $b˜•†D* ~8¡JH   ,x£~|B —bjE*& ¤A $b€1*& ¢•< 4¡j†D*  8¡~|›D* f†/*xE ¤A b›K ~Qzp-
–†DH  8¡~|›•D ™žg†/*xE ¤A œ££B2 *¡FbC b˜+4 œ£R C4b~{˜D* b& + ¤0¡J ¥wD* xE°& *  ÉK £•B °*( 5bm˜D* ¡E]sg~zJ ÉA  fJ¡‰•D*
f‰•D* bž£A ¡E]sg~zJ f•0x˜+ Hx˜J —bŒ:°& * œE *xK £jC *(  Ÿ+ –~|gJ ŸcF*¡/ ¦†+ ¤A Ÿ›’DH  ˆ*]+(ÉD f•~|+ hQ ˜J ° Ÿ•Q C *wG

‡+*xD* ~|D* eÉ: ]›< bcK Db= *wG l]pJH  fA¡D&bE i*5bm˜D*H i*4b†g~6°* ¡’- ° k£0  ¥5bmE x£= b£K Ax0 bEK *]sg~6*
                                                                           (Gardner, 1982)

™D ŸBbA4H "4]›£~6" *& ‡EH   x~{›D* ]£B   Miller x•£E  ¤<*]+°( * x£’ŒgD* ¤A 5bm˜D* 4H2 ]C¡' - ,x£jC lbp+*& ”b›GH
f‰•D* š*]sg~6*H œŒD* ¤DbmE ¤A $b˜•†D* ib<yF ¤Cbp- ib<yF œ< ~{’D* ¤A (rTMS) x.*& f£˜G*& *H]C&* ™ž›’D  5bm˜D* *HxCwJ
 ¤›ŒD* –˜†D* n)bgF œE f£<¡~9¡E xjC*& hFbC 8¡~|›D* f†/*xE n)bgF &* ¢D(* *H4b~7&* œ£0 0 ¢•< *¡FbC ]BH  ¥5bm˜D* x£=

                      8¡~|›D* f†/*xE f£•˜< ¤A bm•D* bG4]~|- šb’0&* ¢D(* $¡m•D ,4Hx~9 ”b›G œ’- ™D ¤DbgDb+H
   94   95   96   97   98   99   100   101   102   103   104