Page 35 - ibdaa
P. 35

Ÿ-b<¡~9¡EH Ÿ-bJxƒF   ˆ*]+(°* 34

—H&°* –~|ŒD*                                       

fƒpD –£j˜gD ¤)b+xž’D* rbc~|˜D* –˜†g~zF b›•†m- ¤gD* ebc~6&°* ]0&* *wGH  b£K )b•-H b†K Jx~6 ¡’J 4b~|cg~6°* &* H]cJH
Ÿ)b€+*( H&* 4b~|cg~6°* –£/&b- f£Fb’Eb( +  “D3 ‡E ¤0¡- fD2°& * œ’DH  ,]0*H f†A2 $¤~¦J b˜F&bCH f<x~z+ $¤~¦J ¡žA  "bž-]/H"

$¤~{D* (Gruber, 1981, 1988) "x+Hx/ " ]/H ]A  œEyD* ‡E 4¡€gJ b˜F*( H  bJK 4¡A z£D 4b~|cg~6°*H  (Wallace,1991)
   f~|D* —bmE ¤A "¤<HÉD* ¢›p›E " e¡•~6&* *H4¡: œJwD* ebgQ ’D* ]0*& ¤GH  "¡~624b~{gJ4 ¤.H4H2 " ib+bgC ¤A Ÿ-*3

     4b~|cg~6°*H  ibE¡•†˜D*H  Ž*xg0°*H  ,xcsD*

EXPERIENCE, EXPERTISE, INFORMATION, AND INSIGHT

Bob seger, Against the Wind    w_›£0 ŸAx<&* œC*& ™D bE °% * Žx<*& ° ¤›F&* ¡D ¢›˜-&*

d†~8*&  Ix1*& ,xE  i*4b~|cg~6°* qc~|- b›GH  ,xcsD*H ibE¡•†˜D* ¢•< ]˜g†J ]B ŸF*& ¢D*( 4b~|cg~6°* –£/b& - ,x’A x£~{-
                            (Wertheimer, 1982) f•’~{˜D* —bmE ¤A f†~6*H ,xc1 2xŒ•D ¡’J bE]›< ¡’- bE

                                        fJ4b~|cg~6°* œ£•cpD* f•’~{E     –’~{D*

x£’ŒgD* œE Ÿ†›˜J ¥wD* ¤•†D* ]Q ~zD* œE b<K ¡F Ÿ/*¡£~6 ŸF*& ¢›†˜+  (Luchins, 1942) f+b~zD* ,xcsDb+ 2xŒD* x.&bgJ ]A
 x£’Œ-H f+b~zD* Ÿ-xcs+ 2xŒD* ~|g•J bE]›< l]pJ ¥wD* ¤Œ£;¡D* h£cjgD* Ÿc~{J *wGH  f•£~8&*H ,]J]/ 4b’A&* 2bmJ(* ¤A

                                        (Duncker, 1945) ŸJ]J œ£+ ¥wD* B¡˜D* H&* f•’~{˜D* ¤A ¥]£•gD*

¤A f+¡†~8 Ÿ-*3 hB¡D* ¤A H]mJ “D3 ‡EH  bž˜žA Hx1°% * ‡£€g~zJ ° f›£†E $b£~7*& $*xcsD* ™žŒJ &* bFK b£0&* x£p˜D* œEH
                                                (Rubenson & Runco, 1995) –£~8&* e¡•~6b& + x£’ŒgD*

f~8b1 fAx†E bž˜ƒ†E ¡’JH  fAx†˜D* œE f˜s~9 ]<*¡B $*xcsD* 4¡€J 3(*  fAx†˜D* fD°]+ ,2b< ,xcsD* ])*¡A x~zŒ-
–†Œ-H  fAx†˜D*  wG x~8b›< œ£+ bžFH4¡€J ¤gD* f£•1*]D* ib€+*xgD* œE x£c’D* 2]†D* ¡G “D3 œE ™G°& * œ’DH  œ£†E —bm˜+
fAx†E ¡’-H  —bm˜D* *wž+ f•†g˜D* iɒ~{˜D* –0 $b›.&* ¤A ¤)b•- –’~{+  H]cJ bE ¢•<  œ£†˜D* —bm˜Db+ f~8bsD* fAx†˜D*
šxžD* –Œ~6*& ¤A f~6¡~zp˜D* fAx†˜D* ¡’gA b£K ExG bžF¡˜ƒ›J k£0  œ£)]gc˜D* fAx†E œE b˜K £ƒ›- xjC&* dDb‰D* ¤A $*xcsD*
¢•< ‘¡ŒgD* ¢D*( ¡•£˜J $*xcsDbA  Ÿ›£†+ —bm˜+ •†g- $*xcsD* fAx†E |)b~|1 *& xCw-   É@<&* ¤A ,2xm˜D* fAx†˜D*H

                                                        Ÿ/4b1 z£DH A ™žDbmE –1*2 ¤A œ£)]gc˜D*
   30   31   32   33   34   35   36   37   38   39   40