Page 180 - ibdaa
P. 180

179 Ÿ-b<¡~9¡EH Ÿ-bJxƒF   ˆ*]+(°*
    62b~zD* –~|ŒD*

                               fE]E

                                            INTRODUCTION

™•†gD* ibJxƒF ¢•< ¤FbjD* $ymD* yCxJ b˜›£+  ˆ*]@+(°* b& ~{+ ¥¡+xgD* 4¡ƒ›˜D* –~|ŒD* *wG œE —H°& * $ymD* |s•J
 f£Œ~|D* f_£cD* “D3 ¤A b˜+ ™£•†g•D fEb†D* dF*¡mD* —Hb›gJ —H°& * $ymD* *& ¢›†˜+  ˆ*]+°( * yJy†-H ™£•†gD* 2]~|+ bž-b£~8¡-H
™£•†gD* œ’D  bžD bFK b’E ~|D* fAx= š]sg~z- ¤gD* ™•†gD* f£•˜< ¢•< ‡~6H&* –’~{+ ¤FbjD* $ymD* yCxJH  —bpD* f†£c€+  ™•†˜D*H

                                                 ~|D* fAx= o4b1 ¥*&  ¤˜~64 x£= ¡pF ¢•< ™gJ bE bcK Db=

 —¡D** –jE  bE ]0 ¢D*( bEK ¡žŒE bC *( H  —2b< x£=H `£~6 xE*& *wGH  f£˜•†D* l¡pcD* œE x£jC ¤A f£E'Hb~{- f˜‰F x~{g›-
ˆ*]+°( * *& ¢D(* *xK ƒF —2b< x£= ™’pD* *wG          *]J4¡•A  ",x£jC f£<*]+(* i°bmE ¤A ,]pg˜D* ibJ°¡D* hŒ•s- ]D"
*& œE  ÉK jE ib£~9bJxDbC  šb< obž›E ™£˜~|- b›£•< x~zJ&°* œE –†DH         ¡’F4 H ¡~z›+H4  £pgD* d†~8 ¥¡+Q x- Ž]G
ib<¡˜mE ™£•†- ¢•< fJ¡+xgD* f˜ƒF°& * ‡£˜/ š¡- b˜›£+  fJ2xA f£-*3 f£•˜< ˆ*]+°( * b( A  bEK ¡˜<H  ¡›ŒDb+ b~8K b1 b/K bž›E ™˜~|F

                                  "bcK Db:    ™~¦- f£Œ~8 fAx= ¤A ¤-*wD* x£c†g•D d~6b›˜D* —bm˜D* œJ&bA  ,x£cC
°K ɏg~6*H  ¥2b< x£= *xK £’Œ- —bj˜D* –£c~6 ¢•< d•€gJ ]B  ˆ*]+°( * &°  eɀD* ˆ*]+*( £†J bE *xK £jC ¥]£•gD* ™£•†gD* *(
bcK †~8 ™•†˜D* –˜< –†m- ]B ¤gD* ¤G  ]†+ b˜£A –£~|ŒgDb+ bžDHb›g›~6  Ix1&°* ˆ*]+°( * ibE5ÉgE œE bGx£=H   wGH  b£K -*3
 ¥]£•-H  ]£<*¡˜D* ¢•< „AbpJH  e2'¡E ¤Dbj˜D* dDb€D* &b+ 2bg<°* ¢D*( ¡•£˜J œ£˜•†˜D* *( —¡F xE&°* ~zcF ¤’DH  fJb‰•D
¡D¡J ™žF*& ¡<]J ™žF&* ™=4  q£p~8 *wGH   &*       zF*4¡-        b›J*4  4bc’•D —bjgE°* š]< *]< bE x1*% $¤~7 ¥*& H
 •€˜Db+ ˆ*]+(°* ¡ExgpJ dJ4 É+ ™žA  (Dawson et al. 1999; westby & Dawson, 1995) ,x£cC fJb›< ˆ*]+(°*

                       *¡Œ›†D*H fBb€Db+ œ£_•g˜E  xjC*& H*& bcK Db:    ™~¦- f£Œ~8 ,xm0 ¤A ¡F¡’J bE]›< z£D œ’DH

° ]A  f†£A4 f£<*]+*( $b£~7&* Hym›J œ£J]£•gD* x£= 8bs~7°& * –C z£•A  Ÿ+ '¡c›gD* œ’˜J ° ˆ*]+(°* *& 4¡E°& * ]†J b˜EH
]£C¡gD* ‡EH  œ£J¡+xg•D fc~z›Db+ IxcC f•~¦†E –’~{- '¡c›gD* ¢•< ,4]D* š]< (*  ˆ]cE x£= “›’DH  ]£DbgD* ‡E b£K ~7b˜gE ¡’-
*& b›£•< –ž~zJ ]BH  *2K H2xE ¤€†J ° ]B obž›E ¤A 4b˜jg~6ÉD ¤Ab’D* hB¡D* ¡’•˜J ° œ£+x˜D* (bA  fD$b~z˜D* ¢•< ¤DbpD*

                     ‡+x˜D* xƒF*  f£<*]+(°* eɀD* i*4]B ¤A 4b˜jg~6* f•’~{˜C bž£D*( bFxƒF *3(* f•’~{˜D*  wG ™žŒgF
   175   176   177   178   179   180   181   182   183   184   185