Page 247 - ibdaa

Ÿ-b<¡~9¡EH Ÿ-bJxƒF ˆ*]+°( * 246

‡+b~zD* –~|ŒD*

šb’0&°* 4*]~8*( ¤A ,4¡ž~{E $b€1*&

Famous Misjudgments

@/ ¡’F4 œ< Žx~|g+
*x£: f•04 —H*& hFbC k£0 ]0*& bž+ Žxg†J &* H2 "”¡G ¤g£C" ¤A i*& ]+ ¤gD* *x£€D* iÉ04 ¢•< 2¡< h~¦E ]D
¡gJ*2 ¤A bK Eb< ,]˜D x£‰~8 u¡C ¤A fFysE hJ*4 œJ¡1&°* ,x)b: h£+ ]BH š šb< ¥&* œJx~{†D* xD* fJ*]+ ]£†+
bž~9x†J H*& bžg˜£B "¡~zj£˜~6" pgE 4]J ™DH bEK b< ,]˜D ]›D 9x†E ¤A ]†+ b˜£A h†~9H ™. b˜ž£~6*& 4 ~zE ¡JbGH*&

"”¡G ¤g£C" ¤A ¢DH°& * *x£€D* f•04 œE bK Eb< ]†+ ¥*& šb< ¢g0
™ž-*¡~8&* dp- °" bžF*& šb< iÉ£m~zg•D"bC2" fCx~7 h›•<&* ]A “D3 ‡EH "—H4 ]F*& ”H4" ¢£~6¡E zAb›sD* x£Q = b˜C
ebm<(°* I]˜+ Ž*xg<°* ¤A b~¦K J*& h•~{A "—¡g£+bC" iÉ£m~z- fCx~7 *& b˜C "4b.]FÉD bžJx: ¤A i*4bj£D* ib<¡˜mE (*

"‘¡~zD* wG ¤A b_K £~7 Hym›£~6 ™žF&* ]g†F ° " i4xA šb< ¤A –B°& * ¢•< zAb›sDb+

œE œ£J ¢•< f£c†~{D* fcg’˜D* x~7bF bC —bj˜D* –£c~6 ¢•†A $b+2°& *H ebgQ ’D* ¢•< ™’pD* $b~zJ bE *xK £jC ŸFb( A “D3 ¢•< ,HÉ<H
"¤B4H ŽÉ= ¥3 ebgC ,4¡~8 ¢•< 4]~|- œD Ž¡~6 ub+ 24b~{gJ4 bžcgC ¤gD* "–‰£~6 ¡g~z‰›£Œ£D b.bF¡/" 64¡›D* x)b: fJ*H4 *&
wG"*& ¢D(* bž˜’0 ¤A i4b~7&*" d)bm†D* 2É+ ¤A z£D&*" Lewis Carroll "—H4bC zJ¡D" f~|D ix~{F f†/*xE ”b›GH

" 2b†~6(* œE °K ]+ ¤£0 –Œ: ¥°& bK •B dc~z- Ž¡~6 f˜›˜D*H ,]EbmD* f~|D*
Žx†- ° “F*& Š›•cC ]£~6 bJ ¤›Œ~6¡' J " "Š›•cC 24bJ2H4" x<b~{•D ,xE —bB "x›£E*yC* ¡’~z£~zF*xA b~6" f•mE 4xpE &* IHxJH
*H4*5 œ£Fb›ŒD* œE x£Œ= ‡˜/H "”*x+ o4¡/"H "œ£g~7 2Hx-x£="H "¤~z£-bE ¥x›G" *& –£BH "fJy£•mF°* f‰•D* š]sg~z- £C
bžF°& ™žcm†- ™•A H ¤Eb< œ£+ Demioiselles d'Avignon "¡£›£A*& b~zF(*" f0¡D ™~6xJ bC b˜›£+ "¡~6b’£+"
Alfred-Barr "4b+ 2xŒD*& " bžŒ~8H k£0 ¤+bmJ*( ™££g+ h£ƒ0 ¢g0 –J¡: hBH ¦˜J ™D œ’DH f£’£-bE*42 f•F ɆA hFbC
™ž~¦†+ —¡J 3(* ŸBbA4H œ+H4 "œJx~{†D* xD* ¤A f0¡D ™G&b+" šb< ”4¡J¡£F ¤A kJ]pD* œŒD* pgE xJ]E

f£c£†’gD* f~64]˜•D h~z~6*& f0¡•D* wG &*
¤A “D3H "ebg’D* *wG x~{›J *& –cJ ¥wD* ”4¡J¡£F ¤A ]£0¡D* ¤c‰D* “F(*" "x›C¡A šb£DH" x~7bF Š•+&bA "i4¡C4bG" 2xŒD*& bE*&
,]Jx/ ix†~7 š šb< ¤ŒA ib£›gD* H&* šÉ<(°* –)b~6H b& €sD* šb’0°& * —b€- bK Fb£0*& H "d~¦‰D*H i¡~|D*" fJ*H4 ¢D*( ,4b~7*(

"fE2bD* f•£•D* i*¡›~zD* ¤A i¡˜- Ž¡~6 f†£•-" b˜›£~zD* &* f£Fb€JxcD* "hF]›cJ]F°*"
bK E*xg0* xjC*& Hx1*% ¡Fb›A bCH x~|< ¤A *K 4]E œ’J ™D Ÿ›’DH dJ4 É+ bK <]cE bK Fb›A Rambrandt "i]F*xcE*4" bCH
–j˜J "¤~{›£A*2" bCH Adrian van der Werff "ŽxJH xJ2 bA bJ42&*"H Jan Lievens "y›Œ£D b/" –jE Ÿ›E

¢•< f•˜gp˜D* fEb†D* –†ŒD* 2H24 dc~z+ 4*¡:&°* dJx= |s~{C ŸFbE5 ¤A Ÿ£D(* xƒ›J bC “D3 ‡EH f£+H4H&°* f~¦ž›D* x~|< –/4
H&* ,xEb‰˜D* ¢D*( ˆ]c˜D* obgpJ ]A bK £<*]+(* ÉK ˜< ym›J ¤’D b›ŒD* œE d•€J ]B bE ¢•< $¤~{D* ¦†+ š]- bE b›D]J ]BH ŸDb˜<*&

bg£~¦B ,xEb‰˜D* ¢•< rbgŒF°*H ¤-*wD* yŒpDbA “D3 ¤A dm< °H f£-*wD* yA*¡0H Ÿ˜£B ¢•< 2b˜g<°*H fEb†D* –†ŒD* 2H24 5Hbm-
™D fJ2¡˜†D* ,x)b€D* –jE "¤~{›£A*2" ib<*xg1* œE *xK £jC (* ¤<*]+°( * –˜†•D œ£E5ÉE œJxEb& C ‡~6*H ‘b€F ¢•< b˜ž+ Žxg†E

]†+ b˜£A d~6b›˜D* xJ]gD* ¢•< h•~|0H bžg˜£B bžD i]£<&* &* hjcD bE bž›’DH x~|< ¤A ,4]E œ’-
œ’DH $ÉJ5bcD* ¢•< Ÿ.¡p+ ¤A f£~6b~6&°* f£.*4¡D* ib<y›D* Gregor Mendel "—]›E 4¡‰Jx=" z£~zD* ~{gC* “DwC
ŸcG*¡E œ’DH bK †E° bK £~6b£~6H bK <xgsE Ben Franklin "œ£•’F*xA œ£+" ]Q †JH bEK b< œ£~z˜1 ,]˜D *wG Ÿ•˜< ¢D*( hŒg•J ™D *]K 0*&
¥x~8b†E œE *K x£jC (bA "bCx£E&* ¤A ‡›~8" ebgC d0b~8 Bill Byrson "¡~zJxJb+ –+" d~zp+H Ÿ-b£0 ¤A š*xg0°b+ „p- ™D

ŸFbE5 ¤A ¤~6b£~zD* ‚b~{›D* ¤A Ÿ:*xsF* dc~z+ Ÿ†E qEb~zgD* ¤A f+¡†~8 *¡ž/*H ]B œ£•’F*xA
$b~6'H4 bGbD*& ¤gD* ib+b€sD* Š•+&* œE *K ]0*H °% * xcg†J ¥wD* x£ž~{D* Gettysburg "‹x+yg£=" eb€1 ¤A xƒ›F b›<2

¢D*¡g- fJ2bgF°* –†ŒD*2H24 i*& ]+ ,x~7bcE eb€sD*$bD*( ]†+ 3(* ‡~6*H ‘b€F ¢•< *K 4]E eb€sD* *wG œ’J ™D bžp~|A*& H b’JxE*&
64*]˜D* w£EÉ- œE d•€J bC “D3 ‡EH “¡p~|D* –~z‰D q•~|- ,x-bA bŒD&*H i*4bc<” ŸFb& + "y˜Jb- ¡=b’£~7" fŒ£p~8 ŸgŒ~8¡A

Ÿg£Axp+ "‹x+yg£=" eb€1 „Œ0 œJx~{†D* xD* œE x£1&°* $ymD* ¤A