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ﺃﻭﻻ :ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﻭﻴﻭﺘﺎ
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻴﻭﺘﺎ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ) (1952ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻭﻴﻭﺘـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺤﺎﻓـﺔ
ﺍﻹﻓﻼﺱ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﺎﻴﻴﺠﻲ ﺃﻭﻫﻨﻭ ) (1990-1912) (T. Ohnoﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴـﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﺯﻴﻥ
ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﺸل ﺘﻭﻴﻭﺘﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺒﺘﻜـﺎﺭ ﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻗـﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﺩﺩ )،(JIT
ﻭﻤﻭﺃﻟﻑ ﻋﺎﻡ 1978ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺭ )ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺘﻭﻴﻭﺘﺎ( .ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﻴﻌﻤـل ﺩﻭﻥ
ﻤﺨﺯﻭﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻀﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺒـﺩﻴﻬﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺠﻌل ﺨﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻴﻭﺘﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ 12ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﺒـل 4-3
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ).(2
ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ :ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻭﻴﻭﺘﺎ
ﺇﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻭﻴﻭﺘﺎ ) (Toyota wayﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺩﺍﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ
) (IBMﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺩﻴﺯﻨﻲ ) (Disney Wayﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺎﻜﻴﻨﺯﻱ ) .(McKinney Wayﺇﺫ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻟﻺﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺭﺅﻴﺘﻬـﺎ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩﻫـﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺘﻬـﺎ.
ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻭﻴﻭﺘﺎ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ) (DNAﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻻ
ﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺸﻔﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤﻤﻠﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺴـﺒﻴﺭ ﻭﺒـﻭﻭﻴﻥ ) Spear and
(Bowenﻋﻥ ﺘﻭﻴﻭﺘﺎ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻨﺎ ﻤﻌﺒﺭﺍ ﻫﻭ " ﻓﻙ ﺸﻔﺭﺓ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺘﻭﻴﻭﺘـﺎ " ) .(3ﻓﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻟﺘﻭﻴﻭﺘﺎ؟ ﻟﻘﺩ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺎﺜﻴﻭ ﻤﺎﻱ ) (Mayﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺒـﺎﺩﺉ ﺘﻤﺜـل
ﺠﻭﻫﺭ "ﺍﻟﺤل ﺍﻷﻨﻴﻕ" ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻫﻲ):(4
-ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﺔ ).(Ingenuity in Craft
-ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎل ).(Pursuit of Perfection
-ﺇﻴﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺀﻤﺔ ) (Rhythm of Fitﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺅﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ).(Fit With Society
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻻﻴﻜﺭ ﺠﻴﻔﺭﻱ ) (Jefferyﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻭﻴﻭﺘﺎ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍ ﺇﻴﺎﻫﺎ ﺒﺄﺭﺒﻊ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﺨﺼﻴﺼﺔ ﻫﻲ):(5
-1ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺩ
-2ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ
-3ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺏ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺌﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ
-4ﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﻋﺏﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺌﺩ )ﺍﻋﻤل ﻜﺎﻟﺴﻠﺤﻔﺎﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻜﺎﻷﺭﻨﺏ(
-5ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻴﻘﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭل ﻤﺭﺓ
-6ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﺘﻤﻜﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ
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