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P. 217

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tJ4bgD* –cB bE

PREHISTORY

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                      (Andreason, 2005) yJ4]F*( —¡-  f+¡g’˜D* f‰•D* œE x£j’+ š]B*& ¡žA  bK jJ]0 *K 4¡€- z£D

fJ'H4 ¢•< ,4]E ¤GH   ˆ*]+(°* fcG¡E ¡’•˜J *¡FbC H]˜D* tJ4bgD* –cB *¡~7b< œJwD* 6b›D* ¦†+ *&  fFH]E iÉm~6 H2 œE ¢g0  ™•†F œpF"
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”xg~{˜D* ™ž•< œ£E]sg~zE  ¤ž~7 $*w‰C ibF*¡£pD* 2b£€~8b+ œ£†˜gmE *¡E¡J *& œ’˜J 6b›D* œE f<¡˜mE &* b~¦K J*& ™G]0&* ”42&*H   wp~7 —É1
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žC ¤A f†)*xD* ibE¡~6xD* “Dw+ ]ž~{- b˜C  œ£Fb›A ™ž~¦†+ qc~8&*H    |~|•D ,*H4 *¡pc~8&* œ£<]c˜D* $bE]D* 6b›D* “_DH*& ¦†+ –†DH    bž•FH
bE x~|< ¤A ¥x~{cD* ˆ*]+°( * œ< ,x£jC f•jE&* b›J]D (*    2É£˜D* –cB x~{< ‡+b~zD* xD* ¤A b~zFxA ¤A H24H2 ¤A Cave of Lascaux zC¡’~6°
Nemrut Dag ‹*2 iHx˜F –£.b˜-H Chichin Itza *y-* œ~{£~{- ¤A Maya runis bJb˜D* —É:&*H  x~|E ¤A š*xG°& bC   ]†+H tJ4bgD* œJH]- –cB

                                     8   "f£)b˜D* i*¡›D*H f£FbEHxD* ‘x€D*H   b›£.&* ¤A Acropolis 6¡D¡+HxC&°*H  b£Cx- ex= ¤A

 f~6¡˜•˜D* x£= $b£~7°& * ixC3 bžF*& “D3 œE ™G&°*H  –£.b˜gD*H f£gJyD* ibE¡~6xDbC ,x£jC f£›A °K b˜<&* yJ4]F(* ixC3 ™.
                                           hDbA  6¡˜•E ng›E ¥b& + *xK ~7bcE bK :bc-4* c-x- ¤gD* ib<*]+(°*H

   —b˜m•D ¡B¡gJ *¡FbCH  ¡•£sgJ *¡FbCH  ,2¡/¡E œ’- ™D ¤gD* $b£~7&°* HxJ *¡Fb’A  ˆ*]+(°* ,4*x~7 x~{cD* I]D bC  ™J]D* tJ4bgD* b+(* ¢g0H"
*¡<]g+* ]BH    Ÿž/¡-H ™žD¡0 œE ™Db†D* –’~{- ¤gD* ™ž›E xcC&°* I¡D*H ibB¡•s˜D* ¡•£sgJH    ib-bc›D*H ibF*¡£pD* ¡~64]JH  $b˜~zD* ¤A ¡jpcJH

                                                 8  "¢•<*& f£~¦B ¢D(* Ÿ+ hEb~z-H  ¥2xŒD* $bcD* f£˜G&* œE h••B f£BÉ1*& œ£F*¡B

‘É1&°* ¤A ¤•/ q~9*H tJ4bgD* xc< ˆ*]+(°* *& 3*(  A n-*¡›D* ¢•< b˜K )*2 š¡J ° ¤sJ4bgD* –£•pgD* &* ,x’A ]C'¡J *wGH
Gruber, 1993; Runco,) ‘É1°& * ¢D(* ,x~7bcE 2¡- ]B f£<*]+°( * f£•˜†D* *& „0ÉJH  ,2xm˜D* ib<*]+(°* œE bGx£=H

               bŒK F*%  bFxC3 ¥wD* 4b~¦D* ˆ*]+(°* lH]0 —b˜g0° ÉK J]+  ‡c€Db+  *wG ]†JH  (1993c; Wallace, 1993

                            ˆ*]+°( *H ¥]Fb=

                                       Gandhi and Creativity

  –£c~6 ¢•<  f£˜•~zD* fEHb˜•D f•£~6H 4¡S : ]A   $*4H ŸCx- 6¡˜•E x1%* ng›E ¥b& + Ÿ-xž~7 œE xjC*& Ÿ)2bc˜+ ¥]Fb= xžg~7*
   f£<*]+(* “D3 ‡E bž›’D  pgE ¤A f•†E h~z£D i*]J]mgD*  wGH  fEbG hFbC Ÿg£~¦B *& H *K 2b/ bC ŸF*& y£•mF°* ˆb›B(°  —bj˜D*

                                                              bK <]cE ¥]Fb= bC ]D ™†F  fJb‰•D fEbGH f˜£BH

                      f£sJ4b- f£•˜†C "x~|†D* rH4"

                              ZEITGEIST AS HISTORICAL PROCESS

¥&*xD* ub›E" ŸF&b+ f£~6b~6°& * f£<*]+(°* ib~6*4]D* I]0*( ¤A "x~|†D* rH4" q•€~|E (Boring, 1971) "ŠF4¡+" ŽxQN <
"f›£†E fAb. ¤A {£†J ¥wD* b~zF(ÉD bE hBH ¤A rbg˜D* ¥&*xD*H fAx†˜•D ¤•’D* ˆ¡˜m˜D*"H     8  "x£’ŒgD* ¤A x.'¡J b˜C
œEH     8       šb< ¤A Goethe Ÿ-¡= Ÿ•˜†g~6* ¥wD* ¤•~8°& * š*]sg~6°* ¢D(* q•€~|˜D* *wG ‡/4&* ]BH     8
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