Page 221 - ibdaa
P. 221
-b<¡~9¡EH -bJxF *]+(°* 220
+b~zD* ~|D*
,4xgD* ib<*xg1°* H]/ ib<*xg1°*
¡<xgsD* ~9bgD*H EbgD* eb~z0
Leibnitz & Newton -¡£FH ygcJ°
Briggs & Napier x£+bFH y=x+ ibgJ4b=¡D*
D'alibard & Franklin £F*xAH 24bc£D**2 $b+xD*
Darwin & Pencer x~zc~6H JH4*2
Joseph Swan & Edison ¡~zJ2*H *¡~6 5¡/ $b-4°*H $¡~{D* fJxF
J.H. Atkinson & W.Hooker xC¡G b£DH H ¡~z-* ¥xG z£/ ¤)b+xD* rbc~|D*
Charles Rowely & W.Hurt ix£G xgDH H ¤DH*4 yD4b~{-
Chandrasekhar & Lev Landau H*]F° £DH 4b£~6*4]Fb~{- *x_D* tA
bE°& * b~8
$*2¡~zD* e¡jD*
"¡-x£E" |p- ]A D3 EH x~|D* rH4 ¢< y£CxgD* E °K ]+ 6bD* ¢< y£CxgD* ~zD* E &* IxF *wGH
o3¡D* ¡G fE*ygD* fg~zD* ,2]gD* ibAb~{gC°* o3¡F" *& ¢D(* |1H J]D ,xA*¡gD* ibFb£cD* (Merton, 1961)
D* ¤A "£D* |s~{D*" nE ¢< ~{D* É+ ¤- Ix1*& ebc~6*& bGH 8 "¥¡FbjD* o3¡D* z£DH ])b~zD*
"£D* |s~{D*" nE mgJH g~zJ*H ° lone xF* ,4xgD* ib~{gD* lH]0 ¢D*( fAb~9(* ¤<*]+°( *
bgC*& ¢< ¡B¡D*" ,x£~{D* -4bc< ¤A c~6 E 2¡m+ xg<* "-¡£F p~6*( " ¢g0H ¤<bg/°* x£.b& gD* E £gD* ¢D(*
"fDbD*
G2x+ ¡J $b< 8bs~7*& °H ]£0H ¥xc< 2¡/H ]< ¢<2* ]A (Stellinger, 1991) "x££g~6" bE*&
"zg£C" b<*& ¤A x£.&bgD* ¡1H HbgD* £~8b- cg- ]BH f£<*]+(°* -*ymE $bD C ~¦Db+ *xg<°* ¡pg~zJH
x£.b& gD* 4*]E ]J]p- d~|D* E DH Jx1*% i*x~{<H "]FHb+ *45*( "H "o2x£D¡C"H "l4H524HH" H "£E 6(* ¤/"H
~¦+H fDb~8&°b+ $bpJ(ÉD fDHbpE ¤A x1%°* ~¦+ *]K ~|B hcJ ]BH EbDb+ ]cD* £J ° ]B ~¦+ &* b£~6 ° 2bcgD*
¤sJ4bgD* ¤AbjD* m~zD* E *K $y/ ¡J ° ]B
rHx+ fgD* 4bA&ÉD ,x£jD*H f£~¦D* ]~8bD* ]0&* (Ogburn & Thomas, 1922) "6bE¡-H xc=H*& " 4b.*& ]BH
"f£g0 ib<*xg1°* G bjpcD bFK *¡< b~9H ¥wD* *¡' ~zD* ¡GH °*& ¤<bg/°* x£.b& gD*H ,2]gD* ibAb~{gC°*H x~|D*
$b-4°*H $¡~{D* fJxF rxgJ D "JH4*2" *& ¡DH f£G°& * wG C x~|D* rHxD bC *3*( B&°* ¢< DwC xE°& * ¡J ]B
"F4¡+" bGb<2 *3bD x~zJ *wGH bK )*2 f+bgE h~z£D fE*ygD* ib<*xg1°* &* HxD* EH x~zc~6 b0xgB°
yJygD* H&* <]D* 4*]E ¤A "JH4*2" H "x~zc~6" ¢D*( fc~zDb+ B°& * ¢< ÉK )bG bAK Ég1* bG &* bC "e4bgD* E*ygD*"
"x~zc~zD" f0bgE - D fD2&* J]D bCH bK cJx- bEK b< Jx~{< ,]D -bFb£+ 64]J "JH4*2" bC k£0 ]cD* E]J ¥wD*
D*" ¢< ¢cJ D bK £BH ibE¡E ]- b+4 x~|D* rH4 *& *wG ¢D(* b~¦J &* x+Hx= fJxD* rx: ¤A c~zA
¢D(* bE |s~7 ~8¡gJ &° fFb~9 z£D x~|D* rH4 o¡~¦F &* bC x~|cgD* xJ¡gD ]gJ &* ]cD* |s~{D*H "]g~zD*
yA*¡pD*H |s~{D* x.&* bc~zpD* ¤A bFw1*& *3*( B°& * ¢< f£g0 ib<*xg1°* b& + ¡D* £g~zF ° D3 $¡~9 ¤AH b~{gC°*
ebgD* *wG ¤A D b~9x< bE bGx£=H f£AxD*H f£/¡D¡£cD* E*¡D*H ibGbm-°*H fgsD*
{JxgJ2 ¤A 4¡CwD* 4¡g~6b+ zJ¡D "]g~zD* D* ¤+bpJ pD*"
E cmF&* ¥wD* gmD* ¤A Ix1°& * xG*¡D* C E £~|- E ]Q +° 3*( + xgE xE&* *wGH ¤£c: $¤~7 "£D* b~zF°( * ~8&* *( "
f)bD* -b£c-H ,x£jD* F¡AH -b£BÉ1*& H gAxEH gDH -b~z~6¡' EH E bK £~z+ *K $y/ jJ ¥wD* EbD* £mD* dFb/ ¢D(* ~{gJ ¡GH 2*]/&*