Page 285 - ibdaa

Ÿ-b<¡~9¡EH Ÿ-bJxƒF ˆ*]+(°* 284

‡~6bgD* –~|ŒD*

ˆb˜/°( * ¢•< oHxsD*

CONTRARIANISM

xE&°* f£0 ¤A ”b›GH ,]£mD* 4¡E&°* œE ¡’- bžF(bA fD]g†E ¤-*wD* ™’pgD*H f€•~zD* fD$b~zEH fDb~8&°* ¡’- bE]›<

¤0¡- $b˜~6&b+ ibmg›˜D*H ‡)b~¦cD* œE x£jC f£˜~z- dc~6 x~QzŒJ bE *wGH ibŒ~|D* wž+ ¡Œ~|gJ œJwD* 8bs~7&°* ¡pF e*wmF*
bž~zŒF ¢•< h•:*& f££~6¡˜D* ‘xŒD* œE ™’A fž+b~{E $b˜~6b& + f££~6¡˜D* ‘xŒD* œE x£jC f£˜~z- “DwCH f£Dɏg~6°*H 2x˜gDb+

"ÉK jE "¡FbD* ¢•< ¡/4bsD*"

ˆb˜/(°* ¢•< f/4b1 ib~6bcgB*

Contrarian Quotes

zCHx+ l4b= ¤’JxE&°* ¤c†~{D* ¤›‰˜D* – f†£~9H œCbE&* ¤A $bB]~8&* ¥]D
–J¡/ ¤•£+ ¤’JxE&°* ¤›‰˜D* 6H¡žE |s~7 ¡G Ÿ›< kpc- œE œQ ’D bFK ¡›mE ¡C*& ]BH e*¡~8 ¢•< ¡’- ]B

y•g£cD* fBxA f_A*2 f£B]›+ ,2b†~zD*
f<x~z+ x£~zJ 1 hgU ~{˜D* ™ž€1 h˜J 1 ]J]pD* f’~6 ‚¡€1 œE x1%* 1 ¢•< Ÿ-*3 $¤~{D* ¡•†ŒJ ™žF*& ¤G œJx~8b†˜D* f£0 (*

DHH b£›£/xA fJy£•mF°* f£)*HxD* 8bsD* “+42 ¢•< œ£g0¡gŒE “£›£< ¤cJ &b€sD* bm-°* ¤A ‘xcD*

Ÿ•†ŒJ b˜< •gs- $b£~7*& –†ŒJ |s~7 f<b˜mD* ¢•< o4bsDbA ˆb˜/°( * ¢•< oHxsD* ¢D(* f€c~¦›˜D* f+*x‰D* ¥2¡' - *& œ’˜JH
‘b€F ¢•< °% * –˜†g~zJ Ÿ›’DH (Malkiel, 1990) 2b~|gB°* —bmE ¤A ,xE —H&° –˜†g~6* q•€~|˜D* *wG *& H]cJH Hx1°% *
fž/H œE ™ž˜D* $¤~{D*H (Rubenson & Runco, 1992; Sternberg & Lubart 1996) ˆ*]+°( * ib~6*42 ¤A ‡~6*H
™žŒD* °& –B&°* ¢•< b£K )y/ f£<*]+°( * 4b’A&°* &b~{›-H x£= x£’Œ- e¡•~6&* œ< •gsJ e¡•~6b& + |s~{D* x’ŒJ &* ˆ*]+(°* xƒF
œ’˜J ŸF&° f~8b1 fJb›< ˆb˜/(°* ¢•< oHxsD* pg~zJH f•£~8&* ibGbm-*H 4b’A*& rx: ¢D(* |s~{D* 2¡J ˆb˜/(°* ¢•< o4bsD*
2¡~|E x£= bC *3(* bE&* b£K ’£g’- ¡’J bFK b£0&*H *2K ¡~|E oHxsD* *wG ¡’JH ibp•€~|˜D* œE x£‰+ Ÿ€•1H Ÿ˜žA ,$b~6(*
f~¦Bb›E H*& f~94b†E f+bmg~6* ¤›cgD ¤)b•gD* –£˜D* "nJH2¡D" ŸAx†J ¥wD* œJx1%ÉD 94b†˜D* x£’ŒgD* Ÿg£˜~z- –~¦A°& * œ˜A

(Ludwig p. 7–8) " œJx1%°* x£’ŒgD

6b›D* ¦†+H œ£<]c˜D* x£= œ£ŒDbs˜D* œE x£jC ”b›žA —b0 ¥b& + ˆ*]+°( * ŸD œ˜~¦J ° œJx1É% D bŒK DbsE b~zF°( * ¡C (*
fŒDbs˜D* hFbC *3*( bE&* (Runco 1995c) bcgF°* ŸD d•m- fŒDbs˜D* &° b˜+4 H&* A fŒDbs˜D* –/&* œE œJx1%°* DbsJ
ebm<°( * ¤A “J&*4 (bA b›GH f£<*]+*( x£= fŒDbsE bž£˜~6&* ¤›Fb( A ¤Db˜/ ebm<(* ¥&* bžD ¡’J *& H2 f•£~8&* 4b’A&* ¢D*( 2¡-
œm~zD* ¤A Žb€˜D* ¤+ ¤žg›J ]B œ’DH “D3 ¢•< ‡˜mFH f£<b˜g/°* x£Jb†˜Db+ ÉK jE dm†F ]A ¤J*& 4 œ< •gsJ ]B ¤Db˜mD*
4xF &* bFK b£0*& d†~|D* œE ¡’J ]B ŸF°& H "z£gFbAx£~6" ¤Fbc~6°( * dJ2°& *H "6Hx+ ¤›£D" ¤’JxE°& * ¥]£E¡’D* ‡E l]0 b˜C

–~|ŒD* *wG ¤A bK 0° bJ*¡›D*H ™£D* ¢D(* 2¡<&* Ž¡~6 “DwD d~6b›˜D* $¤~{D* ¡G bE

¦†+ ¢D(* 4b~7&* ]A Ž¡Db& ˜D* ¢•< oHxsD*H ˆ*]@+°( * œ< ŸD¡J bE (Crutchfield, 1962) "]•£Œ~{-*xC" I]D bC
fcDb~zD* f+bmg~6°b+ ¡<¡A]E 2*xA°& * ¦†+" *& ¢<2*H counterformists f<b˜mD* ¥]Fb†E q•€~|˜+ Ž¡D&b˜•D œ£ŒDbs˜D*
¥]Fb†E ™ž£˜~zF œpFH i*$b˜J(* H*& ib0*xgB* ¥°& ,]Fb†˜D* ¡˜)*2 ™žF*( bž+ Ž*xg<°* š]<H bžF*x’FH bž£•< 2x˜gD*H f<b˜m•D
8 "œ£££pD* œ£•g~z˜D* ™~6* ™ž£•< b›•:*& œJwD* f<b˜m•D œ£•jg˜˜D* x£=H œ£•jg˜˜D* œ< ™Gy£˜F ¤C f<b˜mD*