Page 286 - ibdaa
P. 286
285 -b<¡~9¡EH -bJxF *]+°( *
~6bgD* ~|D*
ibB¡gD* bgF*
Violations of Expectations
(Lachman, 2005, p. 162 )" ibB¡gD ibCbgF*" ¡D&bD* fDbsE b~7&* ¦+ ~¦g-
(bA ¤DbgDb+H bcgF°* dmg~z- i*x£jE Dw+ ¡gA fE]~|D*H ,&b/bD* ¢D*( ibCbgF°* wG 2¡- £C "b~{-°" ~8H ]BH
Marc Chagall "b=b~{- 4bE" bG *]+°( b+ ibB¡gD* ibCbgF* bc-4* f££C ¢< £jE ex~9 ]BH *xpF°* ypJ bcgF°*
¢< *xpF°*H *]+°( * E ÉK C 2Hy- ibB¡gD* ibCbgF*" b( A "b~{-°" bB bCH Richard Wagner "x=*H 24b~{gJ4"H
E °K ]+ H*& *]+(°* E °K ]+ g~z- *& J bF&° ¡Db& D* fDbs+ *]K £/ c-x- 4bA&°* wG *& ~7 °H "f£A*]Db+ $*¡~6 ]0
/*& E fDbsD*" q~|+ x£1°& * ¡D* ¢D*( (Runco, 1999d) "¡F4" 4b~7*& ]BH fA¡D&bE x£= bDH f£<*]+°( * x£= bA°& *
EH bcgF°* ewmD f£~8&°* DbA*& H 4bA&* g~zJ bF(*H *]+°( * bm-b+ J ° |s~{D* *& bG ,xD* ¡- k£0 "fDbsD*
f£<*]+(* 2¡/ ¢D*( fDbsD* wG 2¡- bE]< J bE q~9H*& ¡J D3 DH *]K £/ b_K £~7 ¡- ]B ¡Db& D* fDbsE &* q~9*¡D*
Ix1&* ibJbD g~z- bE]< ,]£/ ibDbsD* wG ¡- ° ]BH f££0
bF°& b+ fc-xE A*H]+" ggJ ¥wD* f<bmD ]FbD* E xjC&* bK 0 b<K ]cE ¤£pD* g~zD* |s~{D* ¡J *& JH
D3 ¤A "]£~{-xC" ~6¡- ]BH x£cC ~{+ ¤<*]+(°* D* £- bF°& b+ fc-xD* A*H]D* wG *( 8 "bpK ~9*H b:K bc-4*
bE]< c~¦Db+ b£< bE ¡G *wGH 8 " -*3 Ég1°* /&* E bK gsE ¡J ¢g0 qAbJ f<bmD ]FbD* (* " D¡+
°& z£DH A fDb~8°& * /*& E ÉK jE ÉK £~8&* ¡J &* ]JxJ ¡A b& sD* *]G&°* £pgD *]K Gb/ ¢~zJ 94bD* (* bB
¥2¡' - " *xpF°*H 2bD ¢- f£<bg/* ,&bAbE fJ*& b& + "]£~{-xC" b& c- ]BH fE f~{E 0 ¤A ]£EH ]£/ xE*& fDb~8°& *
xQ J" *& J gmD* *& rxgB* F*( + 8 " 2xD* bgJ ¤gD* f£<*]+°( * ib<yD* 2b~zA*( ¢D(* bD* fJbF ¤A
f£mJ4]- f£< f£D* - ¡- *& bK c: gpD* EH f£<bg/°* ib% AbD* wG p- hp- ]FbD* ~9¡+ "xpD*
< bK gsE ¡J ¢g0 J E *& q~9*¡D* A f<bmD DbsD* b0*& ¡0 B b& ~{+ bK pE "]£~{-xC" bC bC
¢< pJH ]£/ $¤~7 F&* ¢< xD* E fJx: ¥b& + xpE $¤~7 ¥*& ¢< p£~6 -*3 ]p+ Ég1°* ]+ Jx1°% *
$¡~9 ¤A 2¡mD* ¢< pD bK 0 ]cD* |s~{D* £J Ix1*& f/ EH $¤~6 $¤~7 F*& ¢< ]£DbgD* E ¢~7bgJ $¤~7 ¥*&
fD*H f£<*]+(°* iÉ~{D* 0 ¤A b-bGb~zE
H&* Ég~6°*H ,xJb~zD* ]< ÉK jE *]+°( * ¢< i*x~7'¡C H]c- bmJ ~{+ ib~zD* f=b£~8 J F*& *2K ]mE 0°
,2b~¦D* ,xJb~zD*H ,xJb~zD* *]+(ÉD ,2b~¦E i*x~7'¡E
f£Db£sD* D*¡D*H f£D* É0*& H yD*H f£D¡D* ib<yD*
CHILDLIKE TENDENCIES, PLAYFULNESS, DAYDREAMING, AND PARACOSMS
*wG ~8*& bC bEH -*HwD £p-H g£)bgD b~K6bF* D3H yD f<yF £<]cD* 8bs~7&°* I]D ¡J ]B
*]+°( * f£g+ f~8bsD* ib£~8¡gD* (* + fJ]<bcgD*H f£~8&°* 4bA°& * J¡- ¢< £<]cD* ]<b~zJ ~7 É+ F(bA yD*
rxD* b12*( bJ°& * wG ib~z~6¡' D* E 2]< hDHb0 bC b£K DyG |s~{D* ¡J &* ¡0 b0K *xgB* b£0°& * dDb= ¤A ~¦g-
]BH Berg, 1995; Starbuck & Webster, 1991; Tang & Baumeister 1984 ÉK jE xF* D* bE ¢D*(
technology of fBbpD* b£/¡D¡- b~6&* bE Jx: < bmD* ¢D(* fD* wG (March, 1987) "74bE" 12*&