Page 287 - ibdaa

Ÿ-b<¡~9¡EH Ÿ-bJxƒF ˆ*]+°( * 286

‡~6bgD* –~|ŒD*

foolishness

d†•D* Jx†-

Defining Play

Dansky, 1999; Lieberman, 1977; Piaget, 1962 ÉK jE xƒF* bcK †~8 *xK E*& d†•D* Jx†- ¡’J *& dJx‰D* œE
"xJ¡~6 š¡-" ,4¡ž~{˜D* ŸgJ*H4 ¤A (Mark Twain, 1876/1999) "œJ*¡- ”4bE" b~zD ¢•< $b/ bE ibŒJx†gD* –~¦A*& œEH
*wGH 8 "Ÿ•†A ¢•< xcmE x£= hF&* bE ¡G d†•D*H Ÿ•†A ¢•< xcmE hF&* bE ¡G –˜†D*" —¡J k£0 Tom Sawyer

—yžD*H ˆ*]+(°* œ£+ x1%* +*4 2¡/¡+ ¤0¡J b˜E f£•1*]D* f£†A*]Db+ d†•D* +xJ Jx†gD*

]BH *]K ~7*4 bFK b~zF(* d†•D —b£˜D* |s~{D* bC *3*( f~8b1H d†•D* Ÿ/H ¤A zc†- x)*H]D* ¦†+H ibAbjD* ¦†+ b( A *wD
,]pg˜D* ibJ°¡D* ¤A f•’~{E Ÿ/*H *3*( ]~7*xD* |s~{D* ¢•< &* I*& 4H ¤Ab. y/bpC d†•D* (Adams, 1974) "yE2*% " 24H&*
q~9*¡D* œE œ’D –£~8°& * x£’ŒgD* ¤›jg~z- &* œ’˜J bžF°& ,xƒ›D* wG ]g›J ¡GH —yžD* d›mgJH bž•0 ¤A *2K b/ ¡’J *& dm£A
f£•£~|ŒgD* Ÿg~6*42 ¤A (Gardner, 1993) "yF24b/" ]/H ]A —yžD* *¡~64b˜J *& œ’˜J œJ]~7*xD* *& ¢•< –)°2 ”b›G *&
I¡g~z˜D* ¤Db< ˆ*]+(°* œE b~8K b1 b<K ¡F b›G 64]J bC Ÿ›’DH —yžD* œE ˆ¡F 2¡/H œ˜~¦gJ *wGH ¡£D¡Œ: ÉK jE œ£<]c˜D* &*

f£Db£sD* ™D*¡†D* 2]~|D* *wG ¤A –E&b- ,]£ŒE ibGbm-* ¢D*( ™G2¡- œ£<]c˜D* 8bs~7&°* ¦†cD f£D¡Œ€D* ib<*y›D* *(
f£•cg~zE f£Db£1 ™D*¡< $b~{F(* ¤A I]cg- &* œ’˜J ¤gD*H fƒ£D* šÉ0&*H f£Db£sD* ,b£pD* œE b<K ¡F œ˜~¦g- ]B ¤gD* f£~9*xgA°*H
xc< f£<*]+°( * ib<¡˜m˜D* ¦†+ ¤A f†~9*¡gE d~z›+ l]pJ ¤~9*xgA°* d†•D* *wG &* q~9*¡D* œEH œ££Db£1 $bB]~8&*H

(Root-Bernstein et al., in press) f££pD* f£›ž˜D* 2¡žmDb+ bFK b£0&* c-xJH fŒ•gs˜D* i°bm˜D*

4*x~8(°*H ,x+bj˜D*

PERSEVERANCE AND PERSISTENCE

&* ÉK jE ¤Dbž£˜gFy’~6 ]/H ]A *4K *x@’@-H *4K *x@E œ£<]c˜D* 2*x@A&°* ]›< 4*x@~@8°( *H ,x+bj˜D* h.Q H ]D
ÉK jE fm£g›D* “•- x£= Hx1*% ¡j0b+ ]C*& H ™ž†E iÉ+bE Ix/&* ]B bC b~K6x˜gE bFK b›A œ£†~zgD fCxg~{E fŒ~8 ,x+bj˜D*
,2b< d•€g- f˜ž˜D* i*4b~|cg~6°* °& f£<*]+°( * i*5bmF(ÉD ¥4Hx~9 d•€g˜C ,x+bj˜D* ¢D*( xƒ›D* œ’˜JH zF*4¡-
bž›E –’D I]˜D* –J¡: 4¡€- 2¡/H —b˜g0* ¤G f£pD* œ’D f†Jx~6H f£)bmA i*4b~|cg~6°* H]c-H œEy•D b†K ~6*H *4K b˜jg~6*
I¡g~zE hp- f•J¡: ,xgA w›E i]DQ ¡- ]B ¡’- bž›’D ¤<¡D* f€›E ¤A ,&bmA ‡A]›- bžF°& f_/bŒE H]c- ¤žA x+Hx=
eb~zgC* œ’D ,]<bD* wG $b›+ ,2b<(* b˜+4H |s~{D* I]D f£Ax†˜D* ,]<bD* ¤A kpcD* ,2b< ]DQ ¡gD* “D3 œ˜~¦gJH ¤<¡D*
°H I¡g~z˜D* ¤Db< 5bmF(°* œ< b›G l]pgF œpFH b£K c~zF –J¡: hBH ¢D*( obgpJ 4b~|cg~6°*H fFb~¦pD* f£•˜†C fE5ÉD* fAx†˜D*
(simon, 1988) "¡˜Jb~6"H (Hayes, 1989) "yJbG" rxgB* ]A x£j’+ “D3 œE ˆx~6&* ¡’- f£E¡£D* i*4b~|cg~6°* &* “~7
™žŒD fE5ÉD* fAx†˜D* b-°( bEyD* œE ]< ¢D*( obgpJ $x˜D* &* *]g†J b˜GH I¡g~z˜D* f£Db< i*5bmF(ÉD i*¡›~6 ,]E
¢D(* obgp- fAx†E œ˜~¦g- bž~¦†+ &° fp~9*H i°bm˜D* œ£+ ‘HxŒD* H]c-H Ÿ~8b~|g1* —bmE ¤A Ÿ~¦Eb‰D* ‚b›D*H i*x‰jD*
¡<]c˜D* 8bs~7°& * ¡’J b˜+4H f†~6*¡D* i°bm˜D* ¤A 8b1 –’~{+ f˜žE ,x+bj˜D* ¡’-H Ix1&* i°bmE œE xjC&* b-(°*
f£•1*]D* f£†A*]D* {Bb›F Ž¡~6H *]K / f£Db< ™žg£†A*2 °& œJx+bjE H]cJ ™ž›’D œJx+bjE ™žF¡C œE xjC&* b£K •1*2 œ£<¡A]E