Page 323 - ibdaa
P. 323

Ÿ-b<¡~9¡EH Ÿ-bJxƒF   ˆ*]+°( * 322

x~7b†D* –~|ŒD*     

x£’ŒgD* ¢D*( obgpF ÉA  f£Ax†˜D* 42b~|˜D* 4xp- bžF&° ,]£/ ¤žA  $*¡~6 ]0 ¢•< f_£~6H ,]£/  ib~9*xgA°* b( A *w’GH
rx€F bE]›<H  f_:b1 bFK b£0*& ¡’- ib~9*xgA°* *& ¡žA `£~zD* dFbmD* bE*&  f›£†E ,xc1 b›+ ixE b˜•C ,x£‰~8 f£)y/ –C ¤A
œ’˜J xƒ›D* ibž/¡A  bK 0 ¤<*]+(°* bFx£’Œ- ¥3'¡J ]B *wGH  f•£~8&*H ,]J]/ i*4b£1 bc~zpD* ¤A w1b& F ° b›Fb( A b›-b~9*xgA*

                                    Ÿ-b~9*xgA* bF]0*& {Bb›J bE]›< ]/¡- &* œ’˜J ,]J]mD* 4b’A°& *H —¡pg- &*

"f<]c˜D* fc€D*" —¡0 Ÿ.¡p+ ¢D*( bFx~7*& ¥wD*  Richard Florida "*]J4¡•A 24b~{gJ4" ŽHx†˜D* ¥2b~|gB°* &* H]cJH
 ŸD¡+ “D3 ~8H ]BH  2b~|gB°* —bmE ¤A ib~9*xgA°* œE x£jC f~{Bb›E ]†+  4b’A&* 4¡Q : ]B  ebg’D* *wG ¤A i*xE ,]<
 ¤››’DH  bž£•< fƒAbp˜D*H ibCx~{D* ew/ ¡G ¥2b~|gB°* ¡˜›D* rbgŒE *& —bm˜D* *wG ¤A fJ]£•gD* ™’pD* I]0(* hFbC ]D"
£C 6b›D* —&b~6*& i*& ]+  ¥2b~|gB°* 4¡€gD* f~64b˜E f£Œ£C œE ¢g0H  fJ]£•gD* f˜’pD*  wG 2¡£B œE ‚bc0(°b+ hc~8&* &* ]†+
¤A l]pJ ¡˜›D* *wG bC b˜F*( H  ibCx~{Db+ b<K ¡A]E œ’J ™D ¥2b~|gB°* ¡˜›D* *& ¢D(* h•~8¡-H  ™ž~{£< b’EH ™ž›žE *H4bg1*

                                     –    8  "ˆ*]+°( * ¢•< rbgŒF°*H fJ2]†gD*H qEb~zgDb+ ™~zg- ¤gD* œCbE&°*

“£g’gD* œE b<K ¡F bG4bcg<* œ’˜JH (Runco, 2003 a, Richards, 1997) —bm˜D* *wG ¤A *]K / f˜žE qEb~zgD* f˜£B (*
       ™žgJb<x+ ¡E¡J œE ]›< ˆ*]+(°* ™<]D HxJ]˜D*H ¡˜•†˜D*H *]D*¡D* Ÿ+ š¡J &* œ’˜J $¤~7 bžF&* ¥&*  ¤<b˜g/°*

                     B¡˜D* H*& f•’~{˜D* ]J]p- ,2b<(*

                           REDEFINE THE PROBLEM OR SITUATION

9xgŒF œp›A  b›E f+¡•€˜D* f˜ž˜D* H*& B¡˜D* H&* f•’~{˜Db+ •†g- bž~{Bb›F *& dmJ ¤gD* ib~9*xgA°* ™G&* xjC&* &* H]cJ
Ÿ+ š¡J ¥wD* 4H]D* b›G xCw-  b£0°& * ™ƒ†E ¤A bpK £p~8 z£D *wG œ’D  b›D š]- b˜C –Q p- *& dmJ f•’~{˜D* &* ,2b<
|s~{D* {Bb›J bE]›<H  4¡ƒ›˜D* x££‰- —¡0 ¤DbpD* –~|ŒD* ¤A bK +b~6 f~9Hx†˜D* ,x’ŒD*H  —H°& * –~|ŒD*  f•’~{˜D* Žb~{gC*

                                   bžD f•£~8&* —¡•0 4¡žƒ+ q˜~zJ b˜E f•’~{˜D* ]J]p- ]£†£~6 ŸFb( A  ib~9*xgA°*

                            –£j˜gD* x££‰-

                                   Change the Representation

™~64 ¡G f•£~6¡D* x££‰- ])*¡A ¢•< fp~9*¡D* f•jE&°* œEH  bž+ bž•j˜F ¤gD* fJx€D* bFx£= *3(* iɒ~{˜D* x££‰- bcK Db= b››’˜J
™žŒF œpFH  4*¡pD* œE $ymC i$b/ *3*( f~8b1  f£ƒŒD ib˜£•†- ˆbc-*( ¤A f+¡†~8 *H]/H b›E œJx£jC *& “~7 °H  f€JxsD*
&* b˜C  fJx~|+ ¢D(* —¡pg- ™. f£ƒŒD ¡’- fJ*]cD* ¤A f•£~6¡D* (*  ŸD f€Jx1 ™~64 œE œ’˜gF bE]›< A Ÿ£D(* –~|FH b›A]G
“F&* H*& “D3 Žx†- “F*& “~7 °H  fJx~|+ f•£~6¡+ h˜<2 *3*( f•ž~6H ,4¡~z£E qc~|- &* œ’˜J fDH]mDb+ •†g- ¤gD* iɒ~{˜D*
–pD* ¡’JH  fDb†ŒD* fmExc•D f•£~6¡C "bG5bmF*( “£•<" ¤gD* $b£~7°& * œE f€£~z+ f˜)b+ “D3 4b- &* œ’˜JH  b˜K J¡- “•g˜-

         –£j˜gD* H*& f•£~6¡D* x££‰- ¡G  Ix1&* bFK b£0&*  ,]J]/ 4b’A*& ¢D(* 2¡J bE œ’DH  –~¦A°& * f•£~6¡D* 2bmJ(* fD&b~zE bFK b£0&*

                         –£•pgD* I¡g~zE x££‰-

                                  Change the Level of Analysis

       "œJbg~zFx£+ iHH4" ex~9 ]BH  –£•pgD* I¡g~zE x££‰g+  ib~9*xgA°* {Bb›FH  f•’~{˜D* ]J]p- ]£†F &* œ’˜J
¤D*¡0 ¤GH  bž<*xg1* ,$*x+ –˜pJ ¤gD* $b£~7°& * fAbC ˆxgsJ ™D "¡~zJ2*& " °&  “D3 ¢•< ÉK jE  "¡~zJ2*& 6bE¡." xcgsE
&* œ’˜JH  ib<*xg1°*  wG –’+  2HyJH "x£/b& g•D °K b˜<*& " ng›J xcgsE ,x’A 4¡Q : “D3 œE °K ]+ Ÿ›’DH   ˆ*xg1* ,$*x+
   318   319   320   321   322   323   324   325   326   327   328