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-ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﺴﻠﻭ )) (Maslowﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻘﻘﻴﻥ ﻟﺫﺍﺘﻬﻡ( :ﺭﻜﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ،ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻓ ﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ
ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﻭﺴﺔ ،ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ .ﻭﻴﻌ ﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤﻘـﺔ
ﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﻘﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ،ﺘﺨﻠﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻁﻴﺔ
ﺒﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﺩﻓﺔ ،ﻭﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴـﺩ
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃ ﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻴﻨﺒـﻊ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻭﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋ ﺩ ّﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﹰﺍ
ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ.
-ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻻﻤﺒﺭﻭﺴﻭ ) :(Lombrosoﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻘﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴـﺔ
ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ،ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺠﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻘﺭﻴﺔ ﺸﻜل ﺨﺎﺹ ،ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤـﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﻗﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﺜل :ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺼﺭﻫﺎ ،ﺍﻟﻨـﻀﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜـﺭ ،ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻴـﺩ
ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺭﻯ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻌﺜﻡ.
ﺜﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ :ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ
ﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻰ ﹸﺘﻌ ﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﺠﻭﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻲ ،ﻭﺘﺅﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ
ﻜﺄﻴﺔ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ،ﺇﺫ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ،ﻭﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻷﻴﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻭﻋﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﺎ ﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﺓ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ،ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺃﻭ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ،ﻭﺒﻌ ﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻻﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ
ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﺼﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﺍﺜﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺩﻋﻰ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺀﻤﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﺼﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻡ،
ﻭﻴﻔﺴﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨ ﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ) .(Dineen, Samuel & Livesey,
2005
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